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MISSOURI EDITION. 

OF 

CIVIL GOVEEMENT 



IKTEJTDED FOR 



PUBLIC I]SrSTEUCTIO]N" 



STATE OF MISSOURI. 

TO WHICH ARE APPENDED THE CONSTITUTION or THE UNITED STATES AXD 
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



BY y" 
HENRY C. NORTHAM, 

CONDUCTOR OF TEACHERS' INSTITUTES. 

I \ '• First Missouri Edition, edited hy W. F. TEALi 

''^'^' ^ AUG 20 1890, 







'-^^hingto^' 



SYEACUSE, N^. Y. : 
C. W. BARDEEN, PUBLISHER. 

1890. 



Copyright, 1877, 1880, 1886, 1889, by H. C. Northam ; 1890, by C. W. Bardeen. 



S0K\ 






CIYIL GOYERNMENT. 



DEFIMTIONS AND HISTOEY OF OUR 
GOA^ERNMENT. 

What is Government? 

Government is the power which makes, construes, 
and executes the laws. 

Wliat is Cixil Government? 

Civil Government is that whose powers are vested in 
officers chosen by the people or appointed by autliority. 

What is the Science of civil government? 

The science of civil government investigates the prin- 
ciples of a constitutional government, and illustrates its 
methods of operation. 

What were the thirteen United States prior to the year 1776? 
They were colonies subject to Great Britain. 

FIRST CON"TI>TEiN^TAL COIsTGRESS. 

When did tlie Congress known as the First Continental Congress 
meet ? 

The First Continental Congrees assembled in " Car- 
penter's Hall," Philadelphia, and commenced vrork 
Sept. 5, 1774 ; it consisted of fifty-three delegates, and 
adjourned Oct. 26, after having provided for another 



2 DEFII^ITIOKS AXD HISTOEY, 

Congress to meet the following May. Georgia was not 
reiDresented in this Congress. 

Note.— It was in the First Congress that Patrick Henry used tliese memor- 
able words : 

"British oppression has effaced the boundaries of the several Colonies : 
the distinctions between Virginians, Pennsylvanians, New Yorkers, and New 
Englanders are no more. I am not a Virginian but an American." 

SECOi^D COi^TTIJSrEKTAL COi^GRESS. 

Wlien did the Second Continental Congress meet ? 

The Second Continental Congress consisted of fifty- 
six delegates, and it met at ''' Independence Hall/-' 
Philadelphia, May 10, 1775, and existed as a Congress 
until March 4, 1789. The members of this Congress 
adopted and signed the Declaration of Independence, 
in which for the first time the colonies received the 
jiame of the United States of Ameeica. 

DECLAEATIOIT OF UsTDEPEI^DEKCE. 
What did Virginia ask Congress to do ? 

Yirginia, May 15, 1776, instructed her delegates in 
Congress to propose a Declaration of the Independence 
of the colonies. 

What did Congress then do ? 

Congress solemnly approached that great subject and 
Tesolved to appoint, and did, on the 11th of June, 
1776, appoint the following persons — Thomas Jefier- 
son, John Adams, Benj. Franklin, Eoger Sherman, 
.and Eobert E. Livingston, to draft a Declaration of 
Independence. 

Who wrote the Declaration F 

Thoma,s Jefferson WTote it at the request of his associ- 
ates. Two or three alterations, verbal only, were sug- 
gested by Franklin and Adams. 



DECLARATIOi^^ OF INDEPENDE]N^CE. 3 

What did they say in the Preamble to the Declaration? 

*' A decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires 
that they should declare the causes which impel them 
to this separation." See page 191. 

What was the resolution introduced into Congress by Richard 
Henry Lee, and how was it disposed off 

On the 7th day of June, 1776, Mr. Lee introduced 
into Congress the following resolution, which was sec- 
onded by John Adams. A stormy debate followed from 
the 7th to the 10th: it was then postponed to July 1st. 
After discussion. Congress agreed to meet in *' Commit- 
tee of the Whole" the following day (July 2,) at which 
time the Committee of the Whole reported and the res- 
olution was adopted in the following words: 

Resolved, That these Ui^TTED Colois^ies are, aj^d, 

OF RIGHT OUGHT TO BE, FrEE AND Il^DEPENDEKT 

States: that they are absolved from all allegi- 
Ais^CE TO the British crow>^, axd that all politi- 
cal CO:N'NECTIOiT BETWEEJS" THEM AKD THE StATE OF 

Great Britaijs", is, akd ought to be, totally dis- 
solved. 

When was the Declaration of Independence adopted and signed f 

The resolution of Mr. Lee was adopted July 2d by a 
vote of twelve colonies. (The delegates from New York, 
pending the decision of the question by the people of 
that colony, did not vote.) 

July 4, 1776, the entire Declaration was adopted by 
the same vote. On the same day it was authenticated 
by the President and Secretary of Congress and pub- 
lished, but not then signed by the members. 

Having been engrossed on parchment, it was signed 
August 2, 1776, by fifty-four delegates, and subsequently 



4 DEFINITIONS AND HISTORY. 

by two others, making fifty-six in all, representing the 
thirteen colonies, the New York convention having ap- 
proved the act July 9, 1776. 

Notes.— The story has come down to iis, more than a hundred years old, 
that during these anxious hours while members were hesitating and debating 
on the 4th of July, the old bell-man had his hand on the bell -rope, and his 
little grandson standing where he could catch the first words of assurance 
that the Declaration was adopted, at the proper time shouted, "Ring, Grand- 
pa, Ring, Oh Ring for Liberty." 

This prophetic bell (now called Independence Bell) was cast in England 
in 1752. It was rung long and loud to proclaim the Declaration, but was sub- 
sequently fractured, and now hangs in honored repose, as a sacred relic of 
the past. It was taken to New Orleans in 1885, and was on exhibition at the 
" Exposition" held there. 

The following inscription was cast in the metal. " Proclaim Liberty 
throughout all the land, and to the inhabitants thereof." 

The following story in regard to Charles Carroll is worth remembering. 

His name was among the first written, and as he affixed his signature a 
member observed, " There go a few millions: " but adding, '"''howeter, there 
are many Charles Carrolls^and the British will not know which one it is.''' Mr, 
Carroll immediately added to his name "of Carrollton,'''' and was afterward 
known as Charles Carroll or Carrollton. 

Mr. Carroll, the last of the signers of the Declaration, died Nov. 13, 1832. 

CONFEDERATION. 

With wlmtlody of men did the Articles of Confederation originate? 

They originated with the second Continental Congress. 

When were they adopted? 

The various resolutions and amendments that had 
been proposed were consolidated into thirteen articles, 
and adopted by Congress, Nov. 15, 1777, as the Articles 
of Confederation. 

How many depa/rtments of government existed under tJie Confed- 
eration ? 

One, vested in a Congress in which no State should be 
represented by less than two or more than seven mem- 
bers: and each State had only a single vote. 
There was no Judiciary. 
There was no Executive. 



THE CON'FEDERATIOI^'. 5 

Wh4it has been said of tJie Confederation ? 

" The United States in Congress'^ said a native critic 
of the Articles of Confederation, " have exclusive power 
for the following purposes without being able to execute 
one of them.''^ 

1. '^ They make and conclude treaties, but can only 
recommend the observance of them.''^ 

2. '^^They may appoint ambassadors, but cannot de- 
fray even the expenses of their tables/'' 

3. "^^They may borrow money in their own name on 
the faith of the Union, but cannot pay a dollar. '' 

4. " They may coin money, but cannot buy an ounce 
of bullion/^^ 

5. " They may make war, and determine what num- 
ber of troops are necessary, but cannot raise a single 
soldier." 

6. '^ In short they may declare everything^ but do 
Qothing." 

Note.— Maryland was the last to ratify the Articles of Confederation in 
1781, at which time they became binding upon all the States. 

SESSIONS. 

Where were the sessions of the Continental Congress held? 

The First Continental Congress was held at 
Philadelphia, (Carpenter's Hall) Sept. 5, 1774. 

The Second Continental Congress was held at 

Philadelphia, (Independence Hall) May 10, 1775. 

Baltimore Dec. 20, 1776. 

Philadelphia, March 4, 1777. 

Lancaster, Pa Sept. 27, 1777. 

York, Pa Sept. 30, 1777. 

Philadelphia July 2, 1778. 



6 DEFIKITIOKS AiifD HISTORY. 

Princeton, Is. J June 30, 1783. 

Annapolis, Md Nov. 26, 1783. 

Trenton, K J Nov. 1, 1784. 

New York Jan. 11, 1785. 

Note.— This Congress adjourned to meet at these different places foi 
certain reasons, some members retiring from the office, others being elected 
to take their places, but it retained the name, "Second Continental Congress" 
until the Constitutional organization. 

PRESIDEIsTTS. 
Who icere tlie Presidents of tlie Continental Congresses and when 
elected ? 

FIRST COKGRESS. 

Peyton Pandolph, Va Sept. 5, 1774. 

The First Congress ended Oct. 26, 1774. 

SECOK-D CONGRESS. 

Peyton Randolph, Va May 10, 1775. 

John Hancock, Mass May 24, 1775. 

Henry Laurens, S. Nov. 1, 1777. 

John Jay, N. Y Dec. 10, 1778. 

Samuel Huntingdon, Conn Sept. 28, 1779. 

CONEEDERATIOIT. 

On the 2d day of March, 1781, Congress assembled 
under the Confederation, the Articles having been rati^ 
tied by the States. 

Thomas McKean, Del July 10, 1781. 

John Hanson, Md Nov. 5, 1781. 

Eiias Boudinot, N. Y. Nov. 4, 1782. 

Thomas Mifflin, Pa Nov. 3, 1783. 

Eichard Henry Lee, Va Nov. 30, 1784. 

Nathaniel Gorham, Mass June 6, 1786. 

Arthur St. Clair, Pa Feb. 2, 1787, 

Cyrus Griffin, Va Jan. 22, 1788. 



CON-STITUTION". 7 

The Second Continental Congress ended March 4, 

1789. 

Note.— During the periods of the Revolution and Confederation, there 
•were thirteen different Presidents, but all of their executive power was vested 
in Congress, which could only recommend, but not demand, any action for 
the public good. They were simply presiding officers. 



H^ame some prominent men in each of tliese Congre 
In the First Congress were George Washington, Pat- 
rick Henry, Eichard Henry Lee, Edward Eiitledge, 
John Eutledge, Samuel Adams, John Adams, Eoger 
Sherman, Philip Livingston, John Jay, and others. 

In the Second Congress were George Washington, 
Patrick Henry, Eichard Henry Lee, Samuel Adams, 
John Adams, John Jay, Benj. Franklin, John Han- 
cock, George Clinton, Eobert E. Livingston, Thomas 
Jefferson, Charles Carroll of Carrollton, and others. 

Note.— study the biographies of these men. 

constitution:. 

Hoio did the present Constitution of tlie United States originate, 
and hoio was itfortned? 

Feb. 21, 1787, the Second Continental Congress re- 
solved that a convention, consisting of delegates from 
the several States, should meet at Philadelphia, on the 
second Monday in May, 1787, for the purpose of revis- 
ing the Articles of Confedei;|Ltion, and report the same 
to Congress for ratification. 

What did tliese delegates do ? 

These delegates (55 in number, Ehode Island not 
represented) met May 14, 1787, at Independence Hall, 
Philadelphia, and elected George Washington 23resident 
of the convention. Being fully satisfied that something 
more than amendments to the Articles of Confederation 



fc DEFINITIONS AND HISTORY. 

v/ere needed, they j^roceeded to frame an entirely new 
constitution, consisting of seven articles, and on the 
17t]i of September, 1787, they reported the same to 
Congress. 

The Constitution was to go into operation when rati- 
fied by nine States. See page 129. 

Wlmt did Congress tlien do ? 

Congress submitted the report, embracing the Con- 
stitution and Resolutions, to the legislatures of the sev- 
eral States, with the request that tliey be submitted to 
conventions of delegates chosen in each State by the 
people thereof. 

How many States ratified tJie Constitution hefm^e it icent into 
operation ? 

Eleven States ratified it. North Carolina ratified 
JSTov. 21, 1789, and Ehode Island, May 29, 1790. 

ELECTORS OF PRESIDENT AND YICE-PRESIDENT. 

What did Congress then do? 

The Second Continental Congress adopted Sept. 13, 
1778, the following resolution: 

Resolved, That the first Wednesday in January next, 
1789, be the day for appointing electors in the several 
States, which, before the said day, shall have ratified 
the said Constitution: that the first Wednesday in Feb- 
ruary next, be the day for the electors to assemble in 
their respective States, and vote for a President: that 
the FIRST Wednesday in March next, 1789, be the time, 
and K"ew York (the present seat of Congress) the place 
for commencing proceedings under the Constitution. 

Note.— Pi'ior to 1821, the electoi-s were chosen by the legislatures of the 
several States. 



WHO MADE THE COJ^'STITUTION? 9 

FOURTH OF MARCH. 

What date was afterward fixed foi' tlie heginrdng of tlie Pi'edden- 
tial term ? 

Congress passed a bill, which was approved March 1, 
1792, as follows: 

And he it further enacted. That the term of four 
years, for which a President and Vice-President shall 
be elected, shall, in all cases, commence on the fourth 
day of March next succeeding the day on which the 
votes of the electors shall have been given. 

Note.— The first Wednesday in March, 1789, was the fourth day of 
March, and the day of the month, instead of the day of the week, was af ler- 
ward recognized as the commencement of a Presidential term. 

WHO MADE THE COI^STITUTIOi^? 

Who, then, framed and ratified tlie National Constitution ? 

The people, by their delegates in convention, framed 
it: THE people, by their delegates in convention, rati- 
fied it; and the Continen'tal Congress declared it 
ratified. 

By Whom, and Wh£n, were the fifteen amendments prepared and 
ratified f 

The first ten amendments were prepared by the first 
Congress under the Constitution, and ratified by the 
legislatures of ten States in 1791; the other amend- 
ments have been prepared in the same manner, the last 
one being ratified in 1870. 

What Officer announces to the people tlie ratification of an amend- 
ment to the Constitution ? 

The action of State legislatures is transmitted to the 
Secretary of State; and when a sufficient number (three- 
fourths) of the legislatures of the several States have so 



10 DEFIIS'ITION'S AiTD HISTORY. 

ratified, tiien the Secretary of State declares tlie amend- 
ment ratified. 

For dates of ratification^, see pp. 146-151. 

STATE COi^STITUTIOiq". 

Hoio icas the State Constitution prepared and ratified ? 

The i^eople of the State, by their delegates in con- 
vention, framed the constitution : the ioeoi)le voted 
for or against its ratification. 

AMEJS'DMEJTTS. 

Hoio may Amendments he made to the State Constitution ? 

The General Assembly may at any time propose such 
amendments to the Constitution as a majority of tlie 
members elected to each House shall deem expedient. 
Such proposed amendments shall be submitted to a vote 
of the people at the next general election, and if ratified 
shall become a part of the Constitution. [Art. XV.] 

COKSTITUTIOJS" OF ENTtLAKD. 

What is the Constitution of England? 

The English Constitution is not a formal loritten 
instrument, adopted by, and ratified by conventions, 
but is the accumulated growth of all English history. 
It is comprehended in no single eiuictment, nor in the 
enactments of any single reign. It is composed of all 
the great charters and statutes that liave been enacted 
from time to time since the reign of John (1199 to 1216), 
with such customs and precedents as have the sanction 
of long usage. 

The United States Constitution is but a collection 



SUMMARY. 11 

and epitome, of the various charters of freedom that lie 
scattered all along the pathway of English history, 
arranged by a convention and sanctioned by the people. 

SUMMARY. 

What is the United States Constitution? 

I. The Constitution is the Supreme Law of the land. 

II. It is the great charter of our Liberties. 

III. It is the Magna Charta of the United States. 

IV. The people elected delegates to a National con- 
vention: the delegates in convention framed the constitu- 
tion: it was then ratified by State conventions, composed 
of delegates chosen by the people, — hence the constitu- 
tion originated with the yeople. 

Why was the Constitution made ? 

I. In order to form a more perfect Union; 

II. Establish justice; 

III. Insure domestic tranquillity; 

IV. Provide for the common defence; 

V. Promote the general welfare; 

VI. And secure the blessings of Liberty to ourselves 
and our posterity. 

When was it made ? See page 8. 
Whei-e was it made ? See page 7. 

STATE COis"STITUTIOK.' 
What is the State Constitution? 

I. It is the great fundamental law. of the State. 

II. It comes directly from the ]jeople, through their 
ratification, commencing with the following words: 



13 DEFIKITI02s^S AND HISTORY. 

We the people of Missouri, with profound reverence 
for the Supreme Kuler of the Universe, and grateful for 
His goodness, do, for the better government of the State, 
establish this Constitution. 

DIYISIOI^ AI^D POWERS OF GOVERIs"MENT. 
HoiD many Divisions of Constitutional govermnent in the United 
States ? 

There are two divisions, — National and State. 
How many powers has each f 

Each has three powers, namely: Legislative, Execu- 
tive, and Judicial. See Chart, pp. 14, 15. 

STATUTE LAW. 

What is a Statute Law of Congress ? 

A Statute Law of Congress is a written or printed 
instrument (called a bill) ordaining or forbidding some- 
thing to be done, that has been adopted by a majority 
of both Houses of Congress, and approved by the Presi- 
dent. 

The President's refusal to approve, is called a Veto; 
but a subsequent two-thirds vote of both Houses will 
make it a Statute Law without the President's consent. 

What is a Statute Law of the General Assembly of Missouri ? 

It is a bill that has been adopted by a majority of 
l)oth Houses of the General Assembly, and approved by 
the Governor, or passed over his veto. 

All the statutes are revised once in ten years. [Const. 
Art. IV. Section 41.] 

What divisions of government have been organized by Statute 
Law ? 

Congress organizes Territories and j)rovides for their 
government (see page 72); admits new States (see 



QUESTIOiqS FOR THE CHART. 13^ 

page 71); organizes and controls the District of Columbia 
(see page 73); defines the judicial circuits, and districts 
in the United States (see page 141). 

The General Assembly organizes counties; defines 
congressional, senatorial, representative and judicial 
districts in the State; incorporates cities and villages; 
authorizes the county court to form new townships and 
school districts. 

CHART. 

Note.— Read from left to right in each division. The vertical column 
leadiuj? downward at the left names the Legislative powers in the different 
divisions. The second column names the Executive, the name placed first 
being the Chief Executive. The third column names the Judiciary. Figures 
indicate the number of officials in the office named. 

QUESTIONS FOR THE CHART. 

SCHOOL DISTRICT. 
WJiat are the powers of a School District ? 
The Legislative, Executive and Judicial powers exist 
in a school district. 

IIoiD does it appear that the legal voters in a school district 
Legislate ? 

They adopt resolutions appropriating money for the 
purchase of school house sites; for building a school 
house; for repairs; for apparatus and other school pur- 
poses; hence the voters of a school district are legislators. 

Who is the Chief Executive in a school district ? 

The Board of Trustees. 

Who are the Judicial Officers in a school district ? 

The School Commissioners, and the Superintendent 
of Public Schools. 























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16 DEFIiq-ITIONS AKD HISTOEY. 

TOWKSHIP. 
What are the 'powers of a ToicnsMp ? 
See Chart. 

Who are the Legislators in a Township ? 
The Board of Trustees. 
Who is the Chief Executim in a Township ? 
See Chart. 

Who are the Judicial Officers in a Township f 
See Chart. 

COUKTY. 

What are the powers of a County ? 

See Chart. 

Who are the Legislator's of a County ? 

See Chart. 

Who is the Chief Executive in a County ? 

The Sheriff. See Chart. 

Who are the Judicial Officers in a County ? 

See Chart. 

STATE. 
What are the powers of a State f 
See Chart. 

Note.— For further study of the State see pages 56-69. 



PRESIDENTIAL VOTE, FROM 1789 TO DATE. 





CANDIDATES. 


< 


Popular Vote. 


Elec- 

TOKS. 


1789 


George Washington 




Elec. chosen by Legislature. 

Election went to H. of R. 

and Jefferson was elected 

on the 36th ballot. 
Elec. chosen by Legislature. 

But 1 electoral rote in op. . . 
105,321. Elec. by H. of R. 
155.872 


'Unan. 


1797 




Fed... 
Dem. . 
Dem. . 
Dem. . 
Fed... 
Dem. . 
Fed. . 
Dem. . 
Fed... 
Dem. . 
Fed... 
Dem. . 
Fed... 
Dem. . 
Fed... 
Dem. . 
Dem. . 
Whig . 
Dem. . 
Fed... 
Dem. . 
Whig . 
Whig. 
Whig . 
Dem. . 
Whig . 
Whig . 
Dem. . 
Dem. . 
Whig . 
Whig. 
Dem. . 
Dem. . 
Dem. . 
Whig. 
Dem. . 
Rep. . . 
Rep... 
Dem. . 
Rep... 
Dem. . 
Rep. . . 
Dem. . 
Rep. . . 
L.&D. 






Thomas Jefferson 


69 


1801 


Thomas Jefferson 


73 




Aaron Burr 


1 73 




John Adams 


1 65 


1805 


Thomas Jefferson 


14S 




C. C. Pinckney 


2S 


1809 


James Madison 

C. C. Pinckney 


122 
47 


1813 


James Madison 


! 123 




DeWitt Clinton 


! 89 


1817 


James Monroe 


183 




Ruf us King 


34 


1821 


James Monroe. 




1825 


J. Q. Adams 


84 




Andrew Jackson 


99 




W. H. Crawford 


44,282.... . . 


41 




Henry Clay 


46 587 


3T 


1829 


Andrew Jackson 


647 231 


VtS 




J. Q. Adams 


509.097 


83 


1833 


Andrew Jackson 


687.502 

5:30,189. 

Not known 


219 




Henry Clay 


40 




John Floyd 


11 




William West 


7 


1837 


Martin Van Buren 


reL-sig 


170 




William H. Harrison 


736,656 


121 


1841 


William H. Harrison 


1 275 Oil 


234 




Martin Van Buren 


1,135,761 


60 


1845 


James K. Polk 


1 337,343 


170 






1,361,362 

1.360,099 


105 


1849 


Zachary Taylor 


163 




Lewis Cass 


1,220.544 

291,263 

1 601,474 


127 


IR'iS 


Martin Van Buren 

Franklin Pierce 


254 


1857 


Wnifleld Scott and others. . . . 
James Buchanan 


1,.542,403 

1,&38,160 

2,215,798 


43 

174 




John C. Fremont and others.. 
Abrahani Lincoln 


122 


1861 


1 866 3.52 


180 




J, C. Breckenridge and others. 
Abraham Lincoln 


2.810,501 


123 


1865 


2.216,067 


213 




Geo. B. McCleilan 


1 808 725 . . 


21 


1869 


Ulysses S. Grant 

Horatio Seymour 


3.015,071 

2.709,013 ... 


214 

80 


1873 


Ulysses S. Grant 

Horace Greeley 


3.597.070 

2,834,079 


300 
68 



18 



THE president's CABINET. 



i| 


CANDIDATES. 


P4 


Popular Vote. 


Elec- 
tors. 


1W7 


Rutlierforcl B. Hayes 


Rep.... 
Dem. . . 
G'b'k... 
Rep.... 
Dem.. . 
G'b'k... 
Dem.. . 
Rep .... 
G'b'k. . 
Pro.. .. 
Rep. . . . 
Dem.. . 
Pro.. .. 


4 049 096 


185 




Samuel J. Tilden 


4,315,801 


184 




Peter Cooper 


81,907. 




1881 


James A. Garfield 


4,450,921 


214 


Winfleld S. Hancook 


4,447,888 


155* 


1885 


J. B. Weaver 

Grover Cleveland . . . 


307,740 

5 874 118 


219 




James G. Blaine 


4,849,850 


182 




Benjamin F. Butler 


184,948 

149 .^26 






John P. St. John. . 




188ft 


Benjamin Harrison 


5,439,853 


233 




Grover Cleveland 

Clinton B. Fisk 


5,540,329. 


168 




249,506 

151,344 






Scattering 





* Including Georgia's votes, not counted. 

Note.— The one vote in 1821 was cast for John Quincy Adams by an 
elector from New Hampshire. 

PRESIDENT HARRISON'S CABINET. 

Secretary of State James Gr. Blaine. 



Secretary of Treasury AVilliam Windom. 



Secretary of War Eedfield Proctor. 



Secretary of Navy Benjamin F. Tracy. 



Secretary of Interior John W. Noble. 



Post Master General John Wanamaker. 



Attorney General . . 



...W. H. H. Miller. 



Secretary of Agriculture Jeremiah M. Rusk. 



Note.— In case of new appointments to fill vacancies, insert them on the 
intermediate lines. 



QUESTIONS FOR THE CHART. 19 

UNITED STATES. 
WTiat are the powers of the United States f 
See Chart. 

Note.— For the further study of the United States Congress see pages 
from 99 onward. 

For the further study of the Executive, see pages 87-95. For the 
Cabinet see pages 95-98. 

For the Judiciary see pages 75-86. 

TERRITORIES. 
What are the powers of Territories ? 
See chart and pages 72, 73. 
Hoici many members in the Legislature of a Territory? 
Each Territory has thirteen members in its Council, 
and twenty-six members in its House of Representatives. 

Note.— The Council is equivalent to our State Senate, the House of 
Representatives to our Assembly. 

What Officers of a Territoi'y are elected hy the people ? 

See page 72. 

What Officers of a Territory are elected hy the Territorial Legis- 
lature ? 

See page 72. 

What Officei'S of a Territory are appointed hy the Preddent and 
Senate ? 

See page 72. 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
Whxit are the powers of the District of Columbia ? 
It has two powers, namely: Executive and Judicial- 
See Chart. 

What Offikers are Elected hy the people in the District of Columibia? 
See pages 73 and 74. 



20 DEFINITIONS AND HISTOKY. 

What Officers are Appointed by the President and Semite in the 
DistHct of Coluinbia ? 

See page 73. 

ENGLAND. 

Note.— England is placed in the Chart to show the similarity between 
its government and ours, and is intended more particularly for advanced 
students. 

What is the Constitution of England ? 

It is unwritten;, and is composed of all the great 
Charters and Statutes that have been enacted since the 
reign of King John, who left the throne of England, 
1216, after reigning 17 years. 

Note.— In the Valley of Eunnymede, in the year 1215, King John was 
compelled to assent to the terms of the barofis, and to sign the Magna CJiarta, 
the most remarkable instrument known in English history, of which the 
following are the most important sections: 
Section h5. "No freeman shall be taken, or disseized, or outlawed, or 

banished, or any^^ise injured, nor vdll we pass upon him, nor send upon 

him, unless by the legal judgment of his peers, or by the law of the 

land." 
Section U6. " W^e will sell to no man, we will not deny or delay to any man, 

right or justice." 

In other sections "the royal prerogative was limited and defined; the 
rights of the Church guaranteed; the Feudal system relieved of some of its 
grievances; unlawful fines and punishments forbidden; the free disposal of 
personal property by will allowed; the means of obtaining a livelihood, such 
as the tools of the mechanic and the goods of the merchant were exempt 
from fine or forfeiture for crime; fines were to be proportionate to the 
offence; the Circuit Courts brought into the neighborhood of all; and the 
liberties and customs of free towns confirmed." 

These provisions are to-day the basis and the bulwark of those rights and 
immunities that make England and America the freest countries on earth. 

Hoic many powers in tlie Government of England ? 

See Chart. 

Of wlmt is the House of Lords composed ? 

The House of Lords is composed of Lords spiritual 

and Lords temporal. 



QUESTIONS FOR THE CHART. 21 

Note 1.— There are 30 Lords spiritual, namely, 26 of the Church of 
England, and 4 of the Irish Church. Of these, 4 are Archbishops, and 26 
are Bishops. 

Note 2.— The Lords temporal, in England, are hereditary, and their 
number varies. Their are 26 Irish nobles, and 16 Scottish nobles, who are 
elected by the nobility,— those from Ireland for life, and those from Scotland 
for a year. 

Who is tJie Speaker of the House of Lords? 

The Lord Chancellor, Lord Keeper of the Great 
Seal, is Speaker of the House of Lords. 

What is the House of Commons ? 

The House of Commons -consists of 658 representa- 
tives of counties, cities, boroughs, and some of the 
L^niversities as follows : England and Wales, 500 ; Ire- 
land, 135 ; Scotland, 53. 

Where can Bills originate ? 

All bills appropriating money must originate in the 
House of Commons (corresponding with our House of 
Kepresentatives). Others may originate in either house. 

Note.— Every bill must be read, and passed by a majority vote, three 
times in each house, and receive the royal signature before it can become a 
law. 

Who is the Speaker of the House of Commons ? 

The House of Commons elects its own Speaker. 

WJio can vote in England ? 

Those citizens who occupy, as owner or tenant, any 
house or other building of the clear yearly value of not 
less than ten pounds sterling, provided they have paid 
the poor rates and assessed taxes, may vote for the mem- 
bers of the House of Commons. 

JUDICIARY. 

By how many kinds of Law is justice administered in England? 
There are three kinds of law, — Common law. Statute 
law, and the law of Equity. 



22 DEFiis"iTioKS a:sd history. 

What is Common law ? 

Common law is based on custom, or precedents estab- 
lished by former decisions of the courts of justice. 

What is Statute law ? 

Statute law consists of the acts of Parliament. 

What is the laic of Equity ? 

The law of Equity is administered by the Lord Chan- 
cellor, in cases not covered by Statute law, and where 
justice cannot be secured by Common law. 



DISTRICTS. 



Officers are elected to ad- 
minister the government -{ 
for 



United States. 

Each State. 

Counties. 

Cities. 

Villages. 

Townshii:)s. 

Districts. 



The following are names 
given to some of the differ- 
ent kinds of districts in the 
State of Missouri. 



I. 

II. 

III. 

IV. 

V. 

VI. 

VII- 

I. Road, Sciiool and 
Election Districts. 
II. Representative Dis- 
tricts. 
Senatorial Districts. 
Congressional '' 
Judicial '' 



III. 
IV. 
V. 
^ VI. Electoral 

WJiicJi are the smallest districts named ? 

Road, School, and Election Districts. 

What is a Road District ? 

A school district, or several school districts placed 
under the charge of an officer, whose duty it is to see 
that the roads are kept in good condition. 

Wliat is an Election District ? 

A whole or a part of a township, or ward, if in a city, 
in which all the voting is done at one precinct. 



DISTRICTS. 
What is a School District ? 

A whole or part of a township or parts of two or more 
(23) 



24 DEFIKITIOIT OF DISTRICTS. 

townships placed under the care of officers, whose duties 
are to maintain a public school in and for the district. 

WJiat is a Re^wesentative District ? 

A Avhole or a portion of a county set oS for the pur- 
pose of electing a member of the House of Eepresenta- 
tiyes of the State of Missouri. 

What is a Senatorial District f 

A portion of a county, a whole county (Jackson only), 
or several counties combined for the purpose of electing 
a State Senator; the amount of territory depending 
upon population. 

What is a Judicial District ? 

One or more counties in which a Circuit Court is held. 

What is a Congressional District ? 

A portion of a county or several counties combined 
for the purpose of electing a Eepresentative to Congress, 
the amount of territory depending on the population. 

What is cm Electoral District ? 

The same territory as a Congressional District, for 
the purpose of electing an ^^ elector."^ 

Name the Civil Divisions in regular order, and tell what a com- 
bination of each forms. 

Road and School districts form townships; townships 
form counties; counties when united form a State, and 
also Senatorial, Congressional and Judicial districts 
form a State. States when united form a Union. 

What kinds of Townships are there 1 

There are Congi'essional and Municipal townships. 

What is a Congressional Township ? 

A square area, containing thirty-six square miles, 
formed by surveys made under law of Congress. 



NUMBER OF DISTRICTS lis' MISSOURI. 25 

What is a Hunicipal Township ? 

One of the divisions of a county. Its purpose in coun- 
ties having *' township organization *' is to elected certain, 
officers to manage its own local affairs. 

What is a Village ? 

In the '"^ popular sense," it is a small collection of 
houses. 

It may be incorporated. 

What is a Towji ? 

A larger collection of houses than for a village, in 
the ^^ popular sense." 

When incorporated it becomes a village or a city. 

What is a County ? 

One of the divisions of a State, separated from other 
divisions, empowered to elect certain officers for the 
administration of its own local affairs. 

Into hoiD many Counties is the State of Missouri divided? 

Into 114 counties and one city. 

Into Jww many Representative districts ? 

Into 140. 

Into how many Senatorial districts ? 

Into 34. 

Into Jww many Judicial districts 1 

Into 30. 

Into how many Congressional districts ? 

Into 14. 

How are Road districts formed? 

By the County Court. 



M DEriNITIO:N' OF DISTRICTS. 

Mow are School districts formed ? 
By a vote of the citizens. 

What power defines the number of Bepreseiitat'ive, Senatorial and 
Judicial districts ? 

The State Constitution. 

What power decides upon the number of Congressional districts ? 

The Congress of the United States. 

How are Municipal Townships formed ? 

By the County Court. They are required to notify 
the Secretary of State of such formations, or of any 
changes made. 

How are new Counties organized ? 

By an act of the General Assembly, upon a vote of 
the inhabitants consenting to such organization. 



SCHOOL DISTEICT. 

What is a sclwol district ? 

How many school districts in your toicnsliip ? 

How many sclwol districts in your county ? 

In laliat officers is the government of a school district vested? 
Ill 11 Board of Directors, composed of three members.. 
What are the Qualifications and Term of Office of Directors? 
They must be resident taxpcayers, and are elected for 
three years, one every year. 

What Officer are they permitted to have ?' 
A District Clerk appointed by the board. 
How are Vacancies in the Board filled? 
If there be only one vacancy, it is filled by the board 
if more than one, by the county commissioner. 

DUTIES. 
What are the duties of the Board of Directors? 

I. To have care and keeping of the school house and 
all property belonging to the district, and to keep the 
same in repair. 

II. To provide necessary apparatus for the school 
room. 

III. To provide for the admission of non-resident 
pupils. 

IV. To employ a legally qualified teacher for the 
time voted at the annual meeting, not less than six 
months. 

(37) 



:2S SCHOOL DISTRICT. 

V. To make and forward to the county clerk an 
enumeration list of all children of school age, during 
the first fifteen days of May. 

VI. To make an estimate of the funds necessary to 
sustain the school, and for other ex23enditures of the 
district, and to forward the same to the county clerk on 
or before the fifteenth day of May. 

What are tJie duties of the District Clerk ? 

I. To keep the record of the board meetings, and all 
records belonging to the district. 

II. To make an annual report to the. county commis- 
sioner as provided bylaw. 

III. To make copies of all papers, contracts, etc., 
relating to the business of the district. 

SALAEIES. 
How are these officers paid ? 
They do their work without pay. 
How shall we find hereafter that officers are paid ? 
Some are paid an annual salary; some by the day; 
isome by a fee; some by a per cent. 

What is meant hy a Salary? a Fee ? a Per Cent.? 

SCHOOL MEETIKG. 

When is tlie annual School Meeting held ? 
On the first Tuesday in April, at the district school 
house, beginning at 2 P. M. 
How are Special meetings called? 

By the directors upon a petition of a majority 'of the 
voters. 

The notice must be posted up fifteen days before time 



MISCELLAN-EOUS QUESTIONS. 29 

for the meeting. When there are no directors, the 
county court must order a special meeting for the elec- 
tion of directors, upon the receipt of a petition signed 
by five citizens of the district. 

Are white and colored children alloiced to attend tlie same school f ' 
No; separate schools must be provided for colored 
children; colored children must attend those schools. 

How many colored children must there he in a district befoi'e a 
special school sltall he estahlished for them? 

At least 15. 

What constitutes a school day, week, month and year ? 

The day consists of six hours^ school; the week of 
five days; the month of four weeks; the school year 
commences on July 1, and ends June 30. 

What days are legal Holidays ? 

February 22, July 4, Thanksgiving Day, and Decem- 
ber 25. 

When is Arhor Day f 

The first Friday after the first Tuesday in April. 
When may a city, town or village organize as a Special School 
District ? 

When a plat of the city, town or village has been 
filed with the county records. 

HoiD many Director's do such school districts have ? 

Six, elected for three years. 

When is the Election held in such districts ? 

On the first Tuesday in April of each year, from 7 
A. M. until 6 o'clock p. m. 

Note.— In cities and towns having 2,000 inhabitants and not to exceed 
100,000 inhabitants the sclaool election is held at the same time and places as 
the election for municipal officers. 



so SCHOOL DISTRICT. 

WJiat Officers do tlie hoard of directors appoint f 
A secretary and a treasurer. 

For what Length of Time shall the school he held each year? 
For not less than seven months and not more thau 
<ten months. 



VILLAGE. 

Villages are of what kind? 
Unincorporated and incorporated. 
By what 'power are villages Incorporated? 
By the County Court, upon a petition signed by at 
least two-thirds of the taxable citizens. 

Ill whom are tlie, Corporate Powers foi' a Village vested ? 
In a Board of Trustees. 

Note.— The board consists of five members if the village has less than 
twenty-five hundred inhabitants, and of nine when the number exceeds 
twenty -five hundred. 

What are the Qualifications of a Village Trustee? 

1. He must be a male citizen of the United States. 

2. He must be twenty-one years of age. 

3. He must be a householder. 

4. He must have resided continuously in the village 
twelve months before the election. 

What must a trustee do before entering upon the duties of office ? 

He must take an oath to obey the Constitutions of 
the United States and of the State of Missouri, and to 
demean himself faithfully in office. 

WJio is the Presiding Officer of the Board ? 

A chairman appointed by the board within twenty 
days after election. 

WJien is the Board of Trustees elected ? 

On the next Tuesday after the first Monday in April. 

WJiat may he done with a disorderly member of the board ? 
(31) 



32 VILLAGE. 

He may be expelled by the affirmative vote of four of 
the trustees. 

How long does a Trustee hold office ? 

One year. 
How many trustees constitute a Quorum 1 

A majority of the board. 

Hoxo are Vacancies in the hoard of trustees filled ? 

By special election. 

What Village Offi^rs are appointed by the hoard of trustees ? 

Assessors, collector, constable or marshal, trustees, 
and such others as it may deem necessary. 

What power has autliority to change the Name of a Village? 
The Secretary of State, upon a petition signed by one- 
half the electors who voted at the last municipal election. 

Hoio may a village Disincorporate ? 

The county court upon receiving a petition signed 
by three-fourths of the legal voters may disincorporate a 
village. 



CITY. 

What is a City? 

By icluit autlwrity Orcjariized ? 

Under constitutional law, by vote of the people. 

What are tlie Divisions of a city called ? 

Wards. 

How populous must a village he, before it can be incorporated as 
a city ? 

It must have at least 500 inhabitants. 

What Steps are necessary ? 

Whenever a majority of the voters in a village desire 
it they may organize as a city by application to the 
county court. 

How are cities Classified ? 

According to population, into four classes — namely: 
first, second, third, and fourth. 

Note.— The classification of communities by population may be pre 
sented as follows: 

A village contains less than 500 inhabitants. 

A city of the fourth class contains from 500 to 5,000 inhabitants, 
third " " " 5,000 to 30,000 

" second " " " 30,000 to 100,000 " 

" " first " " " 100,000 inhabitants or more. 

How many Wards is a city required to have ? 
Fourth-class cities must have at least 2; third-class 
cities must have at least 4. 

Wliat is the Executive Officer of a city called ? 
(33) 



34 CITY. 

The Mayor. He is usually elected for two years, but 
in iirst-class cities for four years. 

What is the Legislative Body called f 

In fourtli-class cities, the Board of Aldermen; in 
third- and second-class cities, the Common Council; in 
iirst-class cities, the Municipal Assembly, which is 
further divided into: (a) the Council; (b) the House of 
Delegates. 

Name the Officers of a fourth-class city and their terms 1 

1. Mayor ) 

2. Marshal >■ Elected by the people every two years. 

3. Collector ) 

4. Two Aldermen from each ward, one elected an- 
nually. 

5. City Clerk, elected by the Board of Aldermen. 

6. Treasurer \ Appointed by the Mayor, 

7. Street Commissioner >• with consent of the Board 

8. City Attorney ) of Aldermen. 

9. Assistant Marshal ) Elected by the Board of Al- 
io. Policemen [ dermen. 

What additional officers are tliere in cities of the third class? 
Recorder and Assessor. 

What Officers are elected hy tlie 'people of a city of the third 

class f 

1. Mayor. 4. City Attorney. 

2. Marshal. 5. Collector. 

3. Recorder. 6. Treasurer. 

Name the Elective Offiicers of a city of tlie second class. 

1. Mayor. 3. City Attorney. 

2. City Recorder. 4. City Auditor. 

5. City Treasurer. 



OFFICERS, AN^D HOW APPOINTED. 35 

Name the Appointive Officers of a city of tJie second class. 

1. City Clerk. 3. City Assessor. 

2. City Engineer. 4. City Counselor. 

5. City Comptroller. 
What is their Term of Office ? 
Two years. 
Name the Elective Officers of a city of the first class. 

1. Mayor. 4. Auditor. 7. Sheriff. 

2. Comptroller. 5. Treasurer. 8. Coroner. 

3. Register. 6. Collector. 9. Marshal. 

10. Inspector of Weights and Measures. 

11. Public Administrator. 

12. President of Board of Assessors. 

13. President of the Board of Public Improvement. 

14. Recorder of Deeds. 

Na77ie tlie Appointive Officers of a city of the first class. 

1. Recorder of Votes. 5. Jailor. 

2. City Counselor. 6. Assessor of AYater Rates. 

3. District Assessors. 7. Two Police Justices. 

4. Attorney. 8. Commissioner of Supplies. 

9. Suj)erintendent of Workhouses. 

10. Superintendent of House of Refuge. 

11. Superintendent of Fire and Police Telegraph. 

12. A Gas Commissioner, when the city owns gas 
works. 

13. Five Commissioners on Charitable Institutions. 

14. Five Commissioners on streets, sewers, water- 
supply, harbor and wharf. 

What is their term of office ? 

Generally four years, but in the House of Delegates 
two years. 



3G CITY. 

What must the officers do before entering on the duties of office? 
Take the oath of office. 

What are the Qualifications of an officer of a city of the first 
class ? 

He must be a citizen of the United States and must 
have been a resident of the city for two years: must be 
able to read and write the English language: and must 
not hold any federal office, except that of Commissioner 
of Charitable Institutions. 

What Courts exist in cities in addition to those established for 
the State at larqe ? 



Each has a city court. 

Note.— For Special city courts, see Judiciary, pages 78, 79. 

What Officer holds the city court ? 

In first-class cities^ the Police Justice; in second- and 
third-class cities, the Recorder; in fourth-class cities, 
the Police Judge. 

When are city Elections held ? 

In first-, third-, and fourth-class cities on the first 
Tuesday in April; in second-class cities, on the first 
Tuesday after the first Monday in April. 



MUNICIPAL TOWNSHIP. 

What is a Toicnship f 

How many Townshijjs in your county f 

What are the powers of a Township ? 

I. To sue and to be sued. 

II. To purchase and to hold real estate within its own 
limits for the use of its inhabitants. 

III. To make such contracts, and to purchase and 
hold such personal property as may be necessary to the 
exercise of its corporate powers. 

IV. To use or dispose of its corporate property in 
such manner as may be to the best interest of the inhabi- 
tants. 

V. To purchase at public sale any real estate which 
may be necessary to secure any debt, and to dispose of 

the same. 

When is the townsJiip Election held ? 

Biennially, on the last Tuesday in March at the usual 
place of voting. 

What are tlie Qualifications of a voter at tJw township election? 
The same as at the general election of the State. 
See page 70. 

What power appoints Judges of township election ? 
Judges of township election are appointed by the 
township board. 

They have power to appoint two clerks of election. 
(37) 



38 MUNICIPAL TOWls^SHIP. 

What must he done if iio judges of election appear on tJiat dny 
for townsMp election f 

The electors present have power to choose from their 
number men to act as judges. 

What are tlie Names of the officers in a township, and the Num- 
ber of officials in each ? 

I. One trustee who is ex-officio Treasurer of the town- 
ship. 

II. One Township Clerk, who is ex-officio Township 
Assessor. 

III. One Township Collector. 

IV. One Constable. 

V. Two Justices of the Peace. 

VI. One Eoad Overseer for each road district. 

VII. Judges of Election. 

VIII. Two members of the Township Board. 

Note.— Townships having over two thousand inhabitants may elect an 
additional justice of the peace for every two thousand inhabitants, until the 
population reaches six thousand, after which the number of justices shall 
not be increased. 

DUTIES. 

What are some of the Duties of these officers? 

I. TRUSTEE, EX-OFFICIO TREASURER. 

I. To receive all moneys belonging to the township, 
and pay out the same by order of the Township Boards 
of School Directors. 

II. To receive all school money belonging to the 
township, and pay out the same by order of the School 
Directors. 

III. To bring suit in the name of the township for all 
penalties and forfeitures given by law to such township 
in all cases where no other officer is especially directed 
to prosecute. 



DUTIES OF OFFICERS. 39 

II. TOWNSHIP CLERK, EX-OFFICIO TOWNSHIP ASSESSOR. 

I. To keep the records of the township. 
II. To be clerk of the township board of directors. 
III. To keep in his custody all books, papers, and 
records belonging to the township. 

IV. To administer the oath of office to all township 
officers, and all necessary oaths required in the transac- 
tion of township business. 

V. To return lists of the names of all justices and 
constables to the county clerk immediately after they 
are elected and qualified. 

VI. Under direction of the township board, and at 
the township expense, to procure all necessary record 
books, and other books and stationery for the use of 
the township. 

VII. To make an inventory in a book furnished by 
the county of all real and personal property together 
with its value and the name of the owners. 

VIII. To file the assessment lists with the county 
clerk. 

Note.— All blank lists, books and stationery necessary for assesment are 
furnished by the county. 

IX. To transmit to the county clerk a list of town- 
ship officers elected within five days after election. 

X. To notify all persons elected to township office. 

III. TOWNSHIP COLLECTOR. 

I. To receive the tax list and warrant from the county 
clerk, and collect the tax. 

II. To pay over school and township money to the 
township trustee, and State and county money to the 
county treasurer. 



40 MUN"ICIPAL TOWNSHIP. 

III. To make a return of all the delinquent or unpaid 
taxes to the county treasurer. 

I^oTE —"When there is a City, Town oi* Village School in the township 
the collector must pay over the money belonging to such district to the 
treasurer of that district. 

IV. COiTSTABLES. 

I. To serve warrants, writs of attachment, subpoenas, 
and all other j)rocesses, both civil and criminal, and to 
perform such other duties as may be prescribed by law. 

II. To collect moneys when directed by a justice of 
the peace. 

III. To appoint deputies. 

Note.— Their jurisdiction does not extend beyond the county. 

V. JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. — (Justice Oourt.) 

I. They are the judicial officers of the township, issue 
summons, subpoenas, warrants and attachments, admin- 
ister oaths, etc. 

II. They hold justice court for trial of civil suits 
where the value does not exceed fifty dollars, and have 
concurrent jurisdiction with the circuit court in cases 
over fifty dollars valuation and not to exceed one hun- 
dred and fifty dollars, except in counties and cities 
having 50,000 inhabitants, when the amount may be 
not to exceed two hundred and fifty dollars. 

III. They have concurrent jurisdiction with the cir- 
cuit court over all cases of misdemeanor. 

IV. ROAD OVERSEERS. 

I. To repair and keep in good order the highways 
and bridges in the several districts for which they are 
elected. 

II. To see that hedges are kept cut down to proper 
height. 



SALARIES. 41 

III. To warn all persons from whom road labor is 
due, to work on the highway, at such time and place as 
they think proper. 

IV. To collect all fines and commutations for road 
purposes. 

V. To make a report to the township clerk. 

VII. JUDGES OF ELECTIOIS". 

I. To receive the votes of the legally qualified voters 
at township elections. 

II. To open and canvass the votes. 

III. To file the poll-book, together with the ballots, 
in the office of the township-clerk. 

SALARY. 
How are these officers paid ? 

I. The Township Trustee receives $1.50 per day while 
attending the duties of trustee. 

As Treasurer, he receives two per cent for receiving 
and disbursing all moneys coming into his hands, when 
the sum does not exceed $1,000, and one per cent for 
all sums over that amount. 

II. The Township Clerk as clerk, receives $1.50 per 
day. For the following services he receives fees and 
salary by the day: 

(1) For serving notices of election or appointment 
upon township officers as required by law, 25 cts. each; 
(2) for filing any instrument of writing 10 cts.; (3) for 
recording any order or instrument of writing authorized 
by law 10 cts. for every hundred words; (4) for copying 
.and certifying any record in his office, 10 cts. for every 
hundred words, to be paid by the person apj^lying for 
ihe same. 



42 MUiTICIPAL TOWNSHIP. 

As Assessor he receives (5) 15 cts. for each list of 
personal property, and (6) 10 cents for each list of real 
estate taken. 

III. The Collector receives a per cent fixed by law on 
moneys collected. 

IV. The Constable receives fees and percentages fixed 
by law. 

V. The Justices of Peace, Overseer of the Highways, 
Judges, and Clerks of Elections each receive for their 
services $1.50 per day. 

Note.— No justice of the peace or other township officer Is entitled to any 
fee from any officer for administrating the oath of office. 

WhoA must all officers do before entering upon tlieir duties f 

They must qualify, that is, take the oath of office. 

Who can administer the oath of office f 

The township clerk, and justices of the peace. 

What township officers must give Bonds for the proper discharge 
of duty? 

The township trustee and ex-officio treasurer, collec- 
tors, overseers of the highways, and constables. 

How long do township officers hold office ? 

Two years, and until their successors are elected and 
qualified; except justices of the peace who hold office 
four years, and road overseers who hold office one year. 

What is tJie penalty if a person wlw is elected oi' appointed to 
township offices refuses to serve ? 

He must pay a fine of 15.00 into the contingent fund 
of the township. 

What two offices may he held by the same person ? 
Constable and Collector; also member of Township 
Board and Justice of the Peace. 



BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 43 

Of what officers is tJie townsliip Board of Directors composed ? 

Of the township trustee and two members elected at 
the township election. The township clerk is clerk of 
the Board of Directors. 

Name some of their duties ? 

I. To audit all accounts of the township officers ex- 
cept that of the assessor, for services rendered as such 
officers. 

II. To audit all other accounts or demands legally 
presented to them against the township. 

III. To levy all taxes for township, road and bridge 
purposes. 

There are also other minor duties. 
Who are Eligible to township offices? 
The legally qualified voters. 
What is the special qualification of Road Overseer? 
He must be a resident tax-payer in the district for a 
whole 3^ear previous to election. 

How are Vacancies in the township offices filled? 

By the township board of directors, except vacancies 
in the township board or justice of the peace which are 
filled by the county court. 



CONGRESSIONAL TOWNSHIP. 

TTAaif is a Congressional Township ? 

How are townships numbered ? 

North and south from the base lines. 

What are Base Lines ? 

Lines established by the Congressional Survey extend- 
ing east and west along certain parallels, from which to 
number the townships. 

What are Township Lines ? 

Lines six miles apart and parallel with the base lines. 
By these lines the entire county is divided into strips 
six miles wide and extending east and west through 
those States surveyed under the order of Congress. 

What are the Principal Meridians ? 

Lines established at the same time the Base Lines 
were, and extending north and south, from which the 
ranges are numbered east and west. 

What are Range Lines ? 

Lines six miles apart and parallel with the principal 
meridians. By these the entire country is divided into 
^strips six miles wide and extending north and south 
through those States surveyed under the order of Con- 
gress. 

Into what do the Township and Range Lines divide the country ? 
Into squares, six miles on a side, called townships. 
(44) 



DIVISIOIT OF TOWNSHIPS. 45^ 

In what direction are tJie towTisliips numbered ? 

The townships are numbered north and south from 
the base lines. 

In what direction are the ranges numbered ? 

The ranges are numbered east and west from the 
principal meridians. 

Where is the Base Line from which the townships of Missouri 
are numbered f 

It extends through northern Arkansas. 

Where is the Principal Meridian from which the ranges of Mis- 
souri are numbered ? 

The fifth principal meridian, extending through this 
State 36 miles west of St. Louis. 

Into what Divisions are the townships divided ? 

Into sections of 36 square miles each. 

How are the Sections numbered ? 

Alternately from east to west and from west to east, 
always commencing at the northeast corner of the town- 
ship; hence section 12 always bounds section 1 on the 
south, and number 36 is in the southeast corner. 

How many Acres in each Section ? 

Each section contains 640 acres. 

How are the sections divided ? 

Into quarter sections of 160 acres each, and each 
quarter section is subdivided into quarters of 40 acres 
each. 

Diagram showing the intersection of a base-line AB, and a principal 
meridian CD. The figures on the base-line mark the range and those on the 
principal meridian mark the townships: E is range 3 west, and township 5 
south; F is range 6 east and township 4 south; G is range 5 east and town- 
ship 5 north; H is range 4 west and township 2 north. 

NoTH.— The 3d and 4th principal meridians are in Illinois; the 5th princi- 
pal meridian is 36 miles west of St. Louis; the 6th principal meridian passe 
through Wichita, Kansas. 



46 



CONGRESSIO]S^AL TOWNSHIPS. 
C 

















6 


























5 








G 


















4 






















1 


3 


















II 








2 












A 


G 


5 


4 


3 


2 


1 


1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 














1 


























2 


























3 



























4 










F 








E 






5 
























6 













G 


5 


4 


3 


2 


1 


18 


8 


9 


10 


11 


12 


17 


16 


15 


14 
23 


13 
24 


19 


20 


21 


22 


30 


89 


28 


27 


26 


25 


31 


3-2 


33 


34 


35 


36 



DIAGRAM OF SECTION". 



47 



DiafH'am of range 4 west of the 5th principal meridian and township 41 
north of the base-line of northern Arkansas, divided into townships of 640 
acres each. 



a 


b 






c 


d 










e 


f 






S 


h 



Diagram of section number 14, divided into tracts of 40 acres each. 

If a, b, c, and d comprised one farm, 160 acres, it would be described as 
" the N. W. J4 ot section 14, township 41, north, range 4 west of the 5th 
principal meridian. 

Lot c would be described as tho Z. \V. H of the N. W. H of section 14, 
township 41 north, range 4 west of ths [:th principal meridian. Lot f would 
be N. E. M of the S. E. ^ of section 14, etc. 



COUNTY. 

"What is a County ? 

By what Authority organized ? 

How many Counties in this State ? 

Wlien are the County Officers elected ? 

They are elected at the annual election which is held 
on Tuesday after the first Monday in November of every 
second year. 

What officers constitute tJie board for receiving, depositing and 
counting the ballots at the biennial election ? 

Four judges of election in each election district or 
precinct, appointed by county court. 

What are the Names of tJie county officers, and their Terms of 
Office f 

I. Sheriff, elected for two years. 

II. Three Judges of the County Court. The presid- 
ing judge is elected from the entire county for four 
years, and each of the associate judges for their respec- 
tive districts for two years, the county being divided 
into two districts for the purpose. 

III. Probate Judge, elected for four years. 

IV. Prosecuting Attorney elected for two years. 

V. Clerk of the Circuit Court elected for four years. 
VI. Clerk of the County Court, elected for four years. 
VII. Recorder of Deeds, elected for four years. 
VIII. Collector, elected for two years. 
IX. Treasurer, elected for two years. 
X. Assessor, elected for two years. 
XI. Public Administrator, elected for four years. 
(48) 



ELIGIBILITY OF COUNTY OFFICERS. 49 

XII. Surveyor, elected for four years. 

XIII. Coroner, elected for two years. 

XIV. School Commissioner, elected for two years. 
XV. Justices of the Peace, see Township, page 40. 

XVI. Constables, elected for two years. 

ELIGIBILITY. 

What are the requirements for Eligibility to these offices. 

The judges of the county court and the probate judge 
must be citizens of the United States, resident of the 
county one year, and twenty-four years of age. 

The prosecuting attorney must be learned in the lav7. 

The clerks of the county and circuit courts must be 
citizens of the United States and twenty-one years of 
age. 

No sheriff, marshall, clerk, or collector, or their 
deputy is eligible to the office of treasurer. 

The school commissioner must possess the qualifica- 
tions of a competent teacher of the public schools, be a 
qualified voter of the county, and of good moral 
character. 

No other special conditions are required. 

DUTIES. 
What are a few of their duties ? 

I. SHERIFF. 

I. He is the executive officer of the county. 

II. Either in person or through his deputies executes 
processes within the county. 

III. Attends all courts of record. 

IV. Has charge of county jail and prisoners. 

V. Summons jurors. 



50 COUKTY. 

II. COUKTY COURT. 

I. Must hold four terms per year, and may hold 
special terms or adjourned terms. 

II. May loan county's money on first mortgage real 
estate. 

III. May invest county's money in United States or 
Missouri bonds. 

TV. Has control of the property of the county. 
V. Audits accounts against the county. 
YI. Settles with county treasurer. 
VII. Approves bonds of officers. 
YIII. Determines what bridges shall be built and 
maintained at county expense. 

III. PROBATE JUDGE. — Probate Court. 

I. Attends to the settlement of property of deceased 
persons, and of property in the hands of administrators 
or executors, or in the hands of public administration. 

II. Appoints guardians over minors, those of unsound 
mind, and those not capable of attending to their own 
affairs. 

III. May solemnize marriage. 

lY. Has supervison of apprentices. 

IV. PROSECUTING ATTORNEY. 

I. Looks after civil and criminal matters in his county, 
in which the State or his county are interested, and 
prosecutes or defends in circuit court. 

II. Looks after the interests of the county wherever 
directed by county court. 

III. Advises county court upon legal questions. 
lY. Advises the grand jury during their sessions. 



DUTIES OF COUN'TY OFFICERS. 51 

y. Is the legal advisor of county officers, justices, 
constables, and road overseers in his county. 

V. CIRCUIT CLERK. 

I. Keeps all records pertaining to the circuit court. 

II. If the circuit judge is absent, holds an election for 
special judge, the members of the bar not less than five 
being the voters. 

YI. COUNTY CLERK. 

I. Keeps an account of all moneys due the county. 

II. Keeps an account of all moneys paid into the 
county treasury. 

III. Keeps all papers of the county and certifies copies 
with the seal. 

IV. Issues warrants on the treasurer for money that 
has been ordered paid. 

V. Must keep a record of the proceedings of the 
county court. 

VI. Must make an annual report to the State Super- 
intendent of Public Schools. 

VII. RECORDER OF DEEDS. 

I. Records all deeds, mortgages, bonds, and all papers 
concerning real or personal property. 

II. Has in custody all deeds and other papers received 
from the Spanish or French government at time of the 
Louisiana Purchase. 

III. Eecords and issues marriage licenses. 

IV. Records all official bonds. 

VIII. COLLECTOR. 

Collects all moneys belonging to the county. State, 
and schools, and pays them over to the,county treasurer. 



52 couiq^TY. 

IX. TKEASUREE. 

I. Eeceives the moneys collected by the several town- 
ship collectors for county and State, or in counties not 
having township organization, from the county col- 
lectors. 

II. Pays over to the State treasurer the amount going 
to the State. 

III. Pays out the money belonging to the county ac- 
cording to law. 

IV. In counties having township organization is ex- 
officio collector, and as such collects delinquent taxes, 
and revenues arising from excises and all other sources 
except that on real and personal property. 

X. ASSESSOR. 

See Township, page 39. 

XI. PUBLIC ADMIIS'ISTRATOR. 

Takes charge of the estates of deceased persons who 
have no heirs, who leave no will, or who die as strangers, 
or when the property is likely to be wasted, or when the 
court orders him to take charge of an estate. 

XII. SURVEYOR. 

I. Executes orders of courts of record. 

II. Surveys land for any one when called upon to do 
so and tendered fees. 

III. Must keep record of all surveys as directed by 
law. 

XIII. COROKER. 

I. Inquires into all matters pertaining to persons slain, 
or who have died mysteriously, or by casualty. 



SALAKIES OF COUNTY OFFICERS. 53 

II. Summons a jury, subpoenas witnesses, and ascer- 
tains SO far as possible all facts pertaining to the death 
of such persons. 

III. May execute processes when there is a vacancy 
in office of sheriff. 

IV. Administers oath to jury and witnesses. 

XIV. SCHOOL COMMISSIONER. 

I. Examines all persons desiring certificates to teach, 
and grants certificates to those who are qualified. 

II. Makes an annual report to the State Superinten- 
dent of Public Schools. 

III. Distributes blanks furnished by the State Super- 
intendent to the several districts. 

XV. JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. 

See Township, page 40. 

XVI. CONSTABLE. 

See Township, page 40. 

SALARIES. 

I. 1. The Sheriff is paid by the day for attending 
court. 

2. He also receives fees, percentages, and mileage. 

II. The Judges of the county court are paid by the 
day and mileage. 

III. The Probate Judge is paid by fees. 

IV. The Prosecuting Attorney has a salary graded 
according to population, and fees allowed by law. 

V. The Circuit Clerk is paid by fees. 

VI. The County Clerk receives a salary based on 
population, with fees and percentages. 

VII. The Recorder of Deeds receives fees. When 
the fees, after paying the expenses of the office, clerks. 



54 COUI^TY. 

etc., exceed 14,000 per year, such excess must be paid 
to the county treasurer. 

VIII. The Collector receives a per cent, the rate vary- 
ing according to the amount collected. 

IX. The Treasurer has a salary fixed by the county 
court, with fees and percentage. 

X. The Assessor, see Township, page 42. 

XI. The Public Administrator receives a percentage 
fixed by law. 

XII. The Surveyor is paid by the day by fees. 

XIII. The Coroner is paid by fees fixed by law. 

XIV. The School Commissioner receives a fee of 
from $20.00 to 140.00, depending on the population of 
the county, paid by the county court for making out 
the annual report, and $1.50 from each applicant for 
certificate. 

XV. Justices of the Peace, see Township, page 42. 

XVI. The Constable is paid by the day, by fees. 

What must county officers do hefm'e entering upon the duties of 
their office ? 

They must take the oath prescribed by the State 
Constitution. 

What county officers are required in addition to give Bonds ? 

The Sheriff, County Clerk, Eecorder of Deeds, Cor- 
oner, Treasurer, Collector, Surveyor, Assessor, Circuit 
Clerk, Public Administrator, Constable. 

How are vacancies in County Court jilled? 
By the Governor. Persons appointed to fill such 
vacancies hold only until the next general election. 



MISCELLAJfEOUS QUESTIONS. 55 

How cure vacancies in the office of Sheriff filled ? 

A successor is appointed by the county court. In 
case a vacancy occurs 9 months or more before a general 
election, the county court must order a special election. 

How are nacancies filled in the office of County Clerk? 

By the Governor. 

How are vacuncies filled in the office of Circuit Clerk f 

By the Governor. 

What county officer is not elected at the same time icith the other 
county officers ? 

The School Commissioner, who is elected at the an- 
nual school meeting. 

Note.— In counties not having: township organization a Road Overseer is 
elected for each road district at the annual school meeting. 

What officers constitute the County Board of Equalization ? 

The judges of county court, county surveyor, county 
assessor, and the county clerk, who is ex-officio clerk but 
cannot vote. 

How often must they meet ? 

Once a year, on the first Monday in April. 

What is the duty of this Board ? 

To equalize the assessment for taxation. 

What two offices may he held hy the same person ? 

Sheriff and Collector. 

What two offices may he combined? 

The circuit clerk is ex-officio recorder of deeds in some 
counties of less than 10,000 inhabitants, or m counties 
whose assessment is less than $15,000,000. 

Note.— Not all of the counties have a full number of officers. The 
teacher should ascertain what officers there are in the county where he is 
employed. 



STATE. 

Vpon what is the State government based ? 

Upon a Constitution adopted by the people. 

IIoic many constitutions has the State qf Missouri had, and 
when icas each adopted? 

Three; the first was adopted in 1820^ the second was 
adopted in I860, and the third, Oct. 30, 1875. 

IIow many Departments are pi'ovidedfor hy the constitution ? 

Three, the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial. 

What is the name of tlie Legislative department ? 

The General Assembly, 

What are its divisions ? 

The Senate and the House of Kepresentatives. 

What are the number of members in eaxih body, and their terms of 
opce ? 

{a) The House of Eepresentatives has 140 members, 
elected for two years. 

{!)) The Senate has 34 members elected for four years. 

When and hoio often are the representatives and senators appor- 
tioned in the State ? 

Once in ten years, by the General Assembly, at the 
next term after taking the United States census. 

What are the present Senate Districts ? 

They are made up of counties as follows: 

I. Andrew, Holt, Nodaway, Atchison. 

II. Buchanan, DeKalb, Gentry, Worth. 

III. Clay, Clinton, Platte. 

(56) 



SENATORIAL DISTRICTS. 5^ 

IV. Caldwell, Ray, Daviess, Harrison. 

V. Livingston, Grundy, Mercer, Carroll. 

VI. Linn, Sullivan, Putnam, Chariton. 
VIL Randolph, Howard, Monroe. 

VIII. Adair, Macon, Schuyler. 

IX. Audrain, Boone, Callaway. 

X. St. Charles, Warren. 

XI. Pike, Lincoln, Montgomery. 

XII. Lewis, Clark, Scotland, Knox, 

XIII. Marion, Shelby, Ralls. 

XIV. Bates, Cass, Henry. 

XV. Jackson. 

XVI. Vernon, Barton, Jasper, Newton, McDonald, 

XVII. Lafayette, Johnson. 

XVIIL Greene, Lawrence, Barry, Stone, Christian. 

XIX. Saline, Pettis, Benton. 

XX. Polk, Hickory, Dallas, Dade, Cedar, St. Clair. 

XXI. Laclede, Webster, Wright, Texas, Douglas, 
Taney, Ozark, Howell. 

XXII. Phelps, Miller, Maries, Camden, Pulaski* 
Crawford, Dent. 

XXIII. Cape Girardeau, Mississippi, New Madrid, 
Pemiscot, Dunklin, Stoddard, Scott. 

XXIV. Iron, Madison, Bollinger, Wayne, Butler, 
Reynolds, Carter, Ripley, Oregon, Shannon. 

XXV. Franklin, Gasconade, Osage. 

XXVI. AYashington, Jefierson, St. Francois, Ste. 
•Genevieve, Perry. 

XXVIII. Cooper, Moniteau, Morgan, Cole. 
XXVII and XXIX to XXXIV. St. Louis. 



58 STATE. 

How are the Bepresentaiive Districts divided ? 

The City of St. Louis has 14 districts; Jackson county 
4; Buchanan county 3; Green, Jasper, Johnson, Noda- 
way, Pettis, St. Louis, and Saline counties, each 2; and 
the remaining counties each 1 district. 

When a county is entitled to more than one representative what 
body divides the county into districts ? 

The county court. 

When a county is entitled to more tlian one senator who divides 
ihe county into senatorial districts ? 

The circuit court. 

Note.— For rule of apportionment see State Const. Art. IV. Sec. 7. 

ELIGIBILITY. 
What are the qualifications necessary for a member of theJIouae^ 
of Representatives f 

I. He must be 24 years of age; 

II. A citizen of the United States; 

III. A qualified voter of the State for two years; 

IV. A resident of the district for one year. 

What are the qualifications for a member of the State Senate f 

I. He must be 30 years of age; 

II. A citizen of the United States; 

III. A qualified voter of the State for three years; 

IV. A resident of the district for one year. 

DUTIES. 
What must the members of the General Assembly do before enter- 
ing upon the duties of the ofice? 

Take the oath of ofiice. 

[Const. Art. IV. Sec. 15.] 
Where and by whom is the oath administered ? 
In the halls of their respective houses, by any judge 



GENERAL ASSEMBLY. 59 

of the Supreme Court, or of the circuit court of Cole 
county, or, after organization, by the presiding officer 
of either house. 

Name some of the duties of each of the divisions of the General 
Assembly ? 

I. To organize by electing such officers as are neces- 
sary. 

II. To have coordinate jurisdiction with each other 
in enacting laws. 

III. To arrest and punish persons for disorderly or 
contemptuous conduct in its presence. 

IV. To punish its own members for disorderly con- 
duct, and to expel a member by a two-thirds vote. 

V. (a) The House of Eepresentatives may prefer 
charges called impeachment against the executive 
officers of the State, Judges of the Supreme Court, and 
Judges of the Court of Appeals, for crimes, misconduct, 
drunkenness, or oppression in office. 

{h) The Senate must try all cases of impeachment. 

When must the Lieutenant Goternor not sit as a member of the 
court of impeachment ? 

When the Governor is being tried. 

What Penalty may the court of impeachment' inflict ? 

The penalty may extend no further than to removal 
from office, and disqualification to hold any office of 
honor, trust, or profit under the State. 

Does trial by court of impeachment prevent further punishment- 
of tlie parties ? 

No; they may be prosecuted, tried, judged, and pun- 
ished according to law. 



€0 STATE. 

Who is the 'presiding officer of the House of Representatives ? 
One of their own members, called the Speaker elected 
to that office by the house. 

Wlw is the Presiding officer of tlie Senate 1 
The Lieutenant-Governor. 

VOTING. 

Who are entitled to Vote on all questions in the Legislature ? 

All the members of the House of Eepresentatives and 
Senate; this includes the Speaker of the House. 

When is the President of the Senate entitled to a xote ? 

Upon questions on which the Senate is equally divided 
or tied. 

Why should not the President of the Senate have a vote on all 
questions ? 

Because he has not been elected a member of that 
body; but becomes its presiding officer by virtue of the 
constitutional provision which makes the Lieutenant 
<^overnor its j)resident. 

But a member of the Senate elected a member there- 
of is always entitled to a vote. 

BILLS. 
What is the Style of the laws of this State ? 

''Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State 
of Missouri, as follows.'' [Const. Art. IV. Sec. 24.] 

Where may Bills originate ? 

Any bill may originate in either house of the General 
Assembly. 

What is the difference in this respect between the General Assem- 
bly of this State and Congress ? 

In Congress, all bills for raising revenue must origin- 
ate in the House of Eepresentatives. 



HOW A BILL BECOMES A LAW, 61 

What inay eitlier house do with bills oHginating in the other f 
It may amend them: but both houses must agree to 

the amendment or amendments, before the bill becomes 

a law. 

What is required that a bill may become a Law ? 

I. It must be reported upon by a committee, and 
printed before the final vote is taken in either house. 

II. It must be passed by a majority vote in both 
houses. 

III. The final vote must be taken by '' yeas and nays.''^ 

IV. It must be signed by the presiding officer of each 
house in open session. 

V. a. It must be sent to the governor and receive his 
signature within ten days; or if the governor shall fail 
to approve the bill and does not within ten days return 
it to the house in which it originated, it becomes a law 
without his signature. 

Should the General Assembly adjourn before the ten 
days are out, the governor shall have thirty days in 
which to sign or veto bills. 

h. After the governor has disapproved a bill, it may 
become a law by a two-thirds vote in the affirmative in 
each house, the vote to be taken by yeas and nays. 

By what form of vote must all bills be passed ? 

By yeas and nays; that is, the clerk shall call the roll 
of members alphabetically, and each shall vote yea or 
nay as he wishes to vote for or against the bill. 

SALAKY. 
How are Bepresentatives or Senators paid ? 
During the first 70 days of the regular, or the first 
100 days of revising sessions, they receive $5.00 per day. 



62 STATE. 

and $1.00 per day for the remainder of tlie session. 
'The members are also entitled to mileage in coming to 
and returning from any regular or extra session. 

WTien are the regular sessions of tlie General Assembly held ? 

Biennially; commencing on the first Wednesday after 
-the first day of January, of the even-numbered years. 

Wfiat is meant by a revising session ? 

Once in ten years the entire State statutes are revised 
"by the General Assembly; such sessions are called revis- 
ing sessions. 

, Who has power to call an extra session of tlie General Assembly ? 
The Governor. 

On what subject may the General Assembly act in extra session ? 
Only on such subjects as are named in the proclama- 
tion calling the session. 

What number of members constitute a Quorum in either house? 
A majority of the members. 

STATE OFFICERS. 
EXECUTIVE DEPAETMEiq^T. 

' Governor, 
Lieutenant-Governor, ^ 

Secretary of State, 
State Auditor, 
State Treasurer, 
Attorney General, 
Superintendent of Public 

Schools, 
Register of Lands, 
Three Rail Road Commission- 
ers. Term 6 years. 



lElected bythe Peo- 
ple. Term of of- - 
£.ce 4 years. 



STATE OFFICERS. 



63 



Appointed by the 
Governor with the 
consent of the 
Senate. 



Inspectors of 
tentiary. 



Peni- 



State Board of 
ization. 



Equal- 



Commissioners of Pub 
lie Printing. 

State Board of Educa- 
tion. 



State Board of Agri- 
culture. 



Bureau of Geology 
and Mines. 



Elected by the Peo- 
ple. 



Superintendent of Insurance. 
Adjutant General. 
Commissioner of Labor Statis- 
tics. 
Inspector of Tobacco. 

( State Treasurer, 
•< State Auditor, 
( Attorney General. 

Governor. 

State Auditor. 

State Treasurer. 

Secretary of State. 

Attorney General. 
( Secretary of State. 
< State Auditor. 
( Register of Lands. 

i Governor. 
Secretary of State. 
Attorney General. 
Superintendent of Schools. 
A Department of the State 
University. The Governor, State 
Sup^t of Public Schools, Presi- 
dent of the University, and Dean 
of the Agricultural College are 
^ ex-officio members. 

Governor, ex-officio president. 
Four citizens appointed by the 
Governor with the consent of 
the Senate. 

Judicial. 

Five Supreme Court Judges, 
elected for 10 years. Three 
Judges of St. Louis Court of Ap- 
peals, elected for 12 years. Three 
Judges of Kansas City Court of 
Appeals, elected for 12 years. 



64 STATE. 

What about tlie EligiUlity of these officers. 

The Governor and Lieutenant-Governor must each, be 
thirty-five years of age^, a citizen of the United States 
for 10 years, and a resident of the State for 7 years. 
The Governor and State Treasurer are ineligible to re- 
election. 

For eligibility of judges see Judiciary, page — . 

ISTo person is eligible to the office of Secretary of State, 
State Auditor, State Treasurer, Attorney- General, or 
Superintendent of Public Schools unless he be a male 
citizen of the United States, at least 25 years of age, 
and a resident of the State for 5 years. 

No person may be elected to the office of railroad 
commissioner who holds stock or other property in any 
railroad company, or is in the employ of, or in any way 
interested in any railroad or transportation company. 

DUTIES. 

Name some of the Duties of tJie Ooxernor ? 

(1) He must take care that the laws are distributed 
and faithfully executed; (2) he is commander-in-chief 
of the State Militia; (3) he may grant reprieves and 
pardons; (4) he must from time to time give to the 
General Assembly information relative to the state of 
government, and recommend such measures as he shall 
deem expedient; (5) he must report to the General As- 
sembly for all moneys by him received and paid out; (6) 
he may convene the General Assembly by proclamation; 
(7) he must sign or veto, giving reasons, all bills passed 
by the General Assembly; (8) he is a member of the 
State Board of Equalization, the State Board of Educa- 
tion, eX'Officio member of the State Board of Agriculture, 



DUTIES OF STATE OFFICERS. 05 

and ex-officio member of the Bureau of Geology and 
Mines. 

Na7ne some of the Duties of Lieutenant- Governoi\ 

He is president of the Senate and has the casting vote. 

Name some of the Duties of the Secretary of State. 

(1) He has charge of the Great Seal of the State of 
Missouri and seals of official papers with the same; (2) he 
must keep a register of the official acts of the Governor; 

(3) he must render an account semi-annually to the 
Governor of all moneys received and paid out by him; 

(4) he must keep all records as authorized by law; (5) 
he is a member of the State Board of Equalization, and 
of the State Board of Education, and is one of the Com- 
missioners of Public Printing. 

Name some of the Duties of the State Auditoi'. 

(1) He audits all accounts of the State, and draws 
warrants on the State Treasurer for the payment of 
money as directed by law; (2) he must account to the 
General Assembly for all moneys received and paid out. 

Name some of the Duties of the State Treasurer. 

(1) He must receive and safely keep all bonds, stocks 
and money belonging to the State; (2) he must pay out 
money on warrants drawn by the State Auditor; (3) he 
must account to the General Assembly for all bonds, 
stocks and money. 

Name some of the Duties of the Attorney General. 

(1) He must have his office and reside at the seat of 
government; (2) he must when directed by the gover- 
nor, aid any prosecuting attorney; (3) he must give an 
opinion in writing, when required, to the General As- 



C^6 STATE. 

sembl}^ or either liouse, and to the several State officers 
and county officers, on any subject relating to their 
seyeral offices; (4) he must appear as counsel for the 
State in the Supreme Court; (5) he must prosecute per- 
sons or corjDorations for violation of State Law. 

Name some of the Duties of the Superintendent of Public Schools. 

(1) He has general supervision of the educational 
funds; (2) he must receive and keep all records pertain- 
ing to the schools of the State; (3) he must see that the 
school laws are distributed and executed; (4) he must 
examine teachers and grant certificates on application; 

(5) he must visit the schools of the State, spending an- 
nually at least five days in each congressional district; 

(6) he must make an annual report to the Governor or 
■General Assembly. 

Name some of the Duties of the Register of Lands. 

(1) He must furnish to any person on a,pplication 
certified copies of any record or paper in his office; (2) 
must keep all field-notes, plats, records, maps, etc., at 
Jefferson City, for the convenience of the State. 

Name are some of the Duties of the Railroad Commissioners. 

(1) They hear and decide upon complaints against 
railroad companies; (2) summon witnesses to testify on 
.any case of complaint; (3) make an annual report to 
the Governor; (4) examine from time to time as may 
be deemed necessary the various railroad tracks and 
bridges, and when necessary, order the company to re- 
build or repair, and direct at what rate of speed passen- 
ger trains may run over such defective place. 

Name some of the Duties of the Suijerintendent of Insurance. 

(1) He keeps on file all papers and books required by 
law; (2) issues certificates to companies to transact 



DUTIES OF STATE OFFICERS. 67 

"business; (3) examines the financial condition of insur- 
ance companies; (4) inquires into violation of insurance 
laws; (5) makes an annual report to the Governor or Gen- 
eral Assembly. 

Name some of the Duties of Commissioner of Labor Statistics. 

He must as far as possible inspect all factories, ware- 
houses, elevators, workshops, tunnels, mines, f ounderies, 
machine-shops, and other manufacturing establishments, 
and report annually, giving statistical details relating to 
all departments of labor in the State. 

By ichom is tlie Commissioner of Permanent Seat of Governmen f 
ajypointed ? 

By the Governor, Secretary of State, State Auditor^ 
JState Treasurer, and Attorney General. 

Wliat must he do before entering on the duties of his office ? 

He must take the oath of office, and give a bond. 

What are some of his Duties? 

(1) He has the care and control of the capitol build- 
ing, and all other public property at the seat of govern- 
ment; (2) superintends repairs on the same; (3) attends 
visitors at the capitol. 

Name some of the Duties of tlie State Board of Equalization. 
To adjust the valuation of real and personal jDroperty 
among the counties of the State. 

When must the State Board of Agriculture hold its meetings ? 
On the first Wednesday in November of each year. 

To ichom must this Board report ? 

Annually, to tlie General Assembly, embracing the 
2^roceedings of the board for the year, together with the 



68 STATE. 

abstract of the reports of the several agricultural and 
horticultural societies, and a general view, with recom- 
mendations, of the condition of agriculture and horti- 
culture in the State. 

Wtw are to report to tlie Board? 

All agricultural and horticultural societies must re- 
port annually to the State Board of Agriculture. 

Note.— 14,000 copies of the report of the State Board of Agriculture must 
be printed and distributed throughout the State annually. 

By what power are County Agricultural or Horticultural Socie- 
ties organized ? 

By the County Court, on application of fifty free- 
holders. 

Bureau of Geology and Mi2^es. 

WJio Comprise the Board of Managers of the Bureau of Geology 
and Mines ? 

The Governor as ex-officio president, and four citizens 
appointed by the Governor with the consent of the 
Senate. 

How long do they hold office. 

Four years. 

Wliat are some of the Duties of the Board of Managers? 

(1) They must appoint a State Geologist; (2) have 
general management of the State geological survey: and 
(3) report to the general assembly of the progress of the 
survey. 

What Compensation does this hoard receive ? 

Only their expenses while attending to the duties of 
the office. 



SALARIES OF STATE OFFICERS. 69 

WJiat are some of tlie Duties of tlie State Geologist ? 

(1) He must make a thorough mineralogical and geo- 
logical survey of the State; (2) make reports accom- 
panied by maps; (3) make a cabinet collection of min- 
erals, fossils, etc. 

What is the salary of the State Geologist? 

It is fixed by the board of managers at a rate of not 
to exceed $3,000. 

How is tlw Fish Commission Composed? 

Of three members appointed by the Governor. 

What are their Duties ? 

They have control of the State hatchery, and distribu- 
tion of young fish, and employ an agent to care for the 
same, and to report to the Governor. 

What Salaries do the members receive ? 

Only their necessary expenses in the discharge of their 
duties. 

Salaries of State Officers. 

Governor $5,000 

Lieutenant-Governor 1,000 

Secretary of State 3,000 

State Treasurer 3,000 

State Auditor 3,000 

Attorney-General 3,000 

Superintendent of Public Schools 3,000 

Register of Lands 3,000 

Eailroad Commissioner 3,000 

Superintendent of Insurance 4,000 

Adjutant- General 2,000 

Commissioner of Labor Statistics 2,000 

Warden of Penitentiary 2,250 

Judges of the Supreme Court 4,500 

Judges of the Circuit Courts 2,000 



ELECTIONS. 

What conMitutesa legally qualified voter in Missouri? 

I. He must be 21 years of age; 

II. He must be a citizen of the United States, or if 
of foreign birth must have declared his intention to be- 
come a citizen not less than one nor more than five 
years before he offers to vote. 

III. He must have resided in the State one year. 

IV. He must have resided in the county, city or town 
sixty days. 

When is the General Election held ? 

Biennially; on the Tuesday following the first Mon- 
day in November, from seven o'clock in the morning 
until six o'clock in the evening. 

Hold must elections he conducted ? 

All elections must be by ballot. Every ballot must 
be numbered in the order in which it is received, and 
the number recorded in the list of voters opposite the 
name of the person presenting it. 

What about the liability of arrest when attending an election? 

Voters are in all cases except for treason, felony or 
breach of the peace, privileged from arrest during their 
attendance at elections, or in going to or returning 
therefrom. 

What poicers establishes the Election precincts? 
The County Court. 

(70) 



HOW NEW STATES ARE MADE. 71 

Ebw many judges of election are there, and by icliom appointed? 
There are four in each election precinct, appointed 
by the county court. 

In cities and tawns Tiamng 5,000 or more population the oncers 
are elected asfollotcs: 

The candidate must be nominated by a primary elec- 
tion or convention. 

The certificate of nomination must be signed by the 
president and secretary of the convention, or if the 
nomination is made by a primary by one per cent of tlie 
voters who voted at the last election, not less than 50 
nor more than 1,000. The certificate must then be filed 
with the county clerk if for county officer and with the 
Secretary of State for State officer. 

The county clerk has the ballots printed at public 
expense. 

Two additional judges of election shall be appointed. 

Each voter receives one ballot from a judge of election 
on the back of which the judge has written his name. 

The voter retires to a booth and crosses out the name 
of candidates for which he does not wish to vote and 
may write on names of other persons than those regu- 
larly nominated. 

The voter then gives the ballot to the receiving judge, 
who puts it into the ballot box. 

NEW STATES. 

I. New States are usually made from Territories, and 
are admitted by an act of Congress. 

II. Territories may or may not have the number of 
inhabitants which constitutes the ratio of one Repre- 
sentative (at present 154,000). 

III. A Territory adopts its own State constitution, 
and when admitted comes in under that constitution. 



72 STATE. 

lY. West Virginia was not a Territory; but the in- 
habitants of forty counties in the north-western part 
of Virginia repudiated the secession convention^ held 
at Richmond, and organized a government of their 
own. They adopted a constitution, and this district 
was admitted by Congress as a State in 1862. 

TERRITORIES. 
WJiat can ycni say about TerritoiHes? 

I. Territories are organized by an act of Congress, 
defining their boundaries. 

II. The chief executive officers are a Governor and a 
Secretary, appointed by the President with the consent 
of the Senate, for a term of four years. 

III. An Auditor, Treasurer, and Superintendent of 
Common Schools, are elected by the Territorial Legis- 
lature for two years. 

IV. The Legislature consists of a Council and House 
of Representatives, elected by the people, by districts, 
for two years, and their sessions are usually biennial. 

\. The Judicial power is vested in a Supreme Court, 
District Courts, Probate Courts, and Justices of the 
Peace. 

\1. Each Territory is divided into three judicial 
districts, and the Supreme Court thereof consists of 
a Chief Justice and two associates, appointed by the 
President for a term of four years; its jurisdiction is 

A^II. A District Court with general original jurisdic- 
tion is held in each judicial district in a Territory by a 
Justice of the Supreme Court. 

A^III. There is a Probate Court for each county, the 



DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 73 

judges being elected by the people for a term of two 
years. 

IX. Justices of the Peace are elected, and have juris- 
diction over minor cases. 

X. Delegates to Congress are elected by the voters of 
the Territory, and serve during a Congress, but have no 
vote. See page 105. 

SALARIES. 

Governor $3,500 

Secretary 3,000 

Chief Justice 3,000 

Associate Justices 3,000 

Delegate to Congress 5,000 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
What can you say about the District of Columbia ? 

I. The Constitution confers upon Congress the exclu- 
sive legislative control of the District. See page 136. 

II. The people have no voice in the election of pres- 
idential electors. 

III. By a law of Congress in 1874, the Executive, 
Legislative, and Public Works Departments, and the of- 
fice of Delegate to Congress were abolished. 

IV. By the same law an office (to be administered by 
three Commissioners appointed by the President and 
Senate) was created, giving the Commissioners authori- 
ty to abolish any office, consolidate two or more offices, 
remove from and make appointments to office. 

V. By the same law the municipalities of Georgetown 
and Washington were abolished, wdiich suppressed the 
elective franchise throughout the district. 

VI. The Supreme Court of the District of Columbia 
consists of one Chief Justice and five associates, ap- 



74 STATE. 

pointed by the President and Senate, holding their of- 
fice during good behavior. 

VII. The Supreme Court has general origmal juris- 
diction in law and equity. 

VIII. The General Term held by all the Justices of 
the Supreme Court of the District, or a majority of 
them, hears appeals and writs of error from determina- 
tions of a single Justice of the Supreme Court. 

IX. Any one Justice may hold a Special Term. 

SALAKIES. 

Commissioners $3,000 

Chief Justice 4,500 

Associate Justices 4,000 



JUDICIAEY. 

JURIES. 

Name the different Juries. 

Petit, Grand, and Ooroner^s. 

What are the Qualifications of a juror ? 

He must be a citizen of the State, resident of the 
county, sober and intelligent, of good reputation, and 
twenty-one years of age. 

Who are Exempt from serving asjnrors? 

Members of fire companies, clergymen, doctors, law- 
yers, officers or judges of any court of record, coroners, 
constables, millers, teachers, postmasters, ferry-keep- 
ers, druggists, overseers of roads, persons over 65 years 

of age, and some others. 

Of hoio many persons does a Petit and Grand Jury consist? 

Twelve. 

By ichom are the Names for jurors selected? 

By the County Court. They select at least 100 names, 
of persons from the several townships of the county, 
according to the population, thirty days before the ses- 
sion of the Circuit Court. 

Hoio are the jurors Drawn ? 

The names of the persons selected are written on 
slips of paper and placed in a box, and the county clerk 
draAVS from each township a number of names in pro- 
portion to the number of inhabitants, until he has 

(75) 



76 JUDICIAKY. 

drawn 12 grand jurors, and 24 petit jurors, who consti- 
tute the panel to be summoned to serve at the next 
term of court. 

What is to he done if some of the jurors summoned are disquali- 
jied, and not a sufficient number remain to make a jury ? 

More persons are summoned. 
Of how many persons is a Justice's Court composed f 
Not more than six; the parties may agree on a less 
number. 

How inany jurors are summoned for a Justice's Court and by 
whom? 

Six more than the number decided on for the jury; 
Dy a constable. 

In what manner must the verdict he rendered ? 

To the justice in writing signed by the foreman only. 

How many jurors constitute a Coroner's Jury ? 

Six householders. 

By ichom is the Coroner's Jury list made out ? 

By the coroner. 

By whom are they Summoned? 

By a constable. 

STATE COURTS. 

At tabular view of the judiciary of the State, com- 
mencing with the lowest courts and showing them in 
regular order, 

I. Justice^s Court. 

II. County Court. 

III. Probate Court. 

IV. Circuit Court. 



JUSTICES'S COURT. 77 

Y j St. Louis Court of Appeals. 

• ( Kansas City Court of Appeals. 
VI. Supreme Court. 

SPECIAL COURTS. 

Criminal Court of St. Louis. 

'' " Kansas City. 
'^ " " Sixth Judicial Circuit and John- 

son County. 

Criminal Court of Buchanan County. 

'' " Springfield. 
Louisiana Court of Common Pleas. 
Hamilton '' " 

Cape Girardeau Court of Common Pleas. 
Sturgeon " " '' " 

St. Louis Court of Criminal Correction. 

justice's court. 
Wkat is the Loicest Court in the State ? 
A justice's courts held in every township by a justice 
of the peace. 

What Jurisdiction has this Court ? 
Original. See Township, page 40. 
In a civil action hoio large a Judgment Can he found? 
Not to exceed $150; in counties having 50,000 inhab- 
itants or more, not to exceed 1250. 

What Criminal suits can be tried in a justices court ? 
Cases of misdemeanor. 

Note.— A misdemeanor is any offence punishable only by fine or im- 
prisonment in a county court. 

A felony is any offence for which the offender, on conviction, shall be 
liable by law to be punished with death or imprisonment in the penitentiary, 
and no other. 



'78 - JUDICIARY, 

C0UJ7TY COURT. 

See County, page 50. 

PROBATE COURT. 

See County, page 50. 

CIRCUIT COURT. 
What Jurisdiction has the circuit court? 
Both original and appellate as follows: 

I. Original jurisdiction in criminal cases not other- 
wise provided for. 

II. Original jurisdiction in civil cases that do not 
come under the county court, probate court, and jus- 
tice's courts. 

III. Concurrent original jurisdiction with justices of 
the peace in civil cases for amounts between $50 and 
$150, except in counties and cities having 50,000 inhab- 
itants, where the amount may reach $250, and over all 
actions against railroad companies for damages. 

IV. Appellate jurisdiction from the judgment and 
orders from the lower courts. 

SUPREME COURT. 

Of ichat does the Supreme Court consist ? 
Of five judges elected for 10 years. 
When are the Terms of the Supreme Court held 1 
Commencing on the second Tuesdays of April and 
October, in Jefferson City. 

What jurisdiction has the Supreme Court f 
Aj)pellate jurisdiction from the lower courts. 

ST. LOUIS COURT OF APPEALS, 
Ofiohat does the St. Louis Court of Ajypeals consist? 
Of three judges elected for 12 years. 



COURTS OF APPEAL. 79 

When are the Terms held? 

Commencing on the first Monday in March and Oc- 
tober, in St. Louis. 

What Jurisdiction has this court ? 

Appellate jurisdiction over the following territory: 

The City of St. Louis, and counties of Monroe, 
Shelby, Knox, Scotland, Clark, Lewis, Marion, Ralls, 
Pike, Lincoln, Warren, Montgomery, St. Charles, St. 
Louis, Jefferson, Ste. Genevieve, Perry, Cape Girardeau, 
Scott, Mississippi, New Madrid, Pemiscot, Dunklin, 
Stoddard, Wayne, Bollinger, Madison, St. Francois, 
Washington, Franklin, Crawford, Iron, Reynolds, Car- 
ter, Butler, Ripley, Oregon, Shannon, Dent, Phelps, 
Pulaski, Howell, Ozark, Douglas, Wright, Laclede, Web- 
ster, Christian, Taney, Stone, Greene, Lawrence, Barry, 
Newton, and McDonald. 

KANSAS CITY COURT OF APPEALS. 

Of ichat does the Kansas City Court of Aiypeals consist ? 

Of three judges, elected for 12 years. 

When are the Terms held f 

Beginning on the first Mondays in March and Octo- 
ber, in Kansas City. 

What Jurisdiction has this court ? 

Appellate jurisdiction, over that portion of the State 
not included in the St. Louis Court of Appeals. 

Which courts are called Courts of Record ? 

The Supreme Court, the St. Louis and Kansas City 
Courts of Appeal, the Circuit Courts, the County Courts, 
and the Probate Courts. 

Why are these called Courts of Record ? 

Because permanent records of their proceedings are 
kept. 



80 JUDICIARY. 

In case either of the Appellate Courts grants a new trial, what i» 
to be done in Criminal Causes ? 

The cause will be tried in the same court, or, in one 
having the same jurisdiction, but before a different jury. 

now are Civil Causes managed on appeal f 

In the same way, only that court may affirm or reverse 
decisions as well as grant new trials. 

UNITED STATES COURTS. 

In what respects are the State Courts and National Courts sim- 
ilar ? 

Each has a Supreme and a Circuit court. 

What are the names applied to United States Courts ? 

The Constitution of the United States calls them In- 
ferior Courts, and one Supreme Court. The Inferior 
Courts are the Circuit and District Courts. The terri- 
tory of each is defined by Congress. 

A TABULAR VIEW OF UKITED STATES COURTS. 



I. Inferior. •< ^ 



District Courts. 
2. Circuit Courts. 



II. Supreme. 

How many District Courts are they at present ? 
There are 69, 56 of them being in the States, and 9 
of them in the Territories. 

What is the largest numler of Districts into which any State is 
divided f 

Three: Ala., N. Y., and Tenn. have 3 districts each; 
Ark., Fla., 111., Mich., Miss., Mo., N. C, Ohio, Penn., 
Tex., Va., and Wis. have 2 districts each, and the re- 
maining States and Territories 1 each. 



SUPREME COURT. 81 

What officers in the District Court ? 

One District Judge, a District Attorney, Assistant 
District Attorneys, a Marshal, a Clerk, and a large 
number of Deputy Marshals ; and also Registers in 
Bankruptcy. 

What Jurisdiction has the District Court ? 
Original Jurisdiction. 

What are tlie Salaries of the District Judges f 
$4,000 each. 

What does tlie Territory of several districts constitute ? 
A Circuit. 

How many Circuits are there? 
Nine, each presided over by a Circuit Judge. 
What Jurisdiction has tlie Circuit Court ? 
Original jurisdiction. 

What are the Salaries of the Circuit Judges? 
$6,000 each. 

SUPREME COURT. 

What Territory is embraced in ths jurisdiction of tlie Supreme 
Court ? 

The whole United States. 
How many Judges constitute the Supreme Court ? 
9 judges ; corresponding with the number of the Cir- 
cuits. 

When does the Supreme Court meet. 

The second Monday in October, at Washington. It 
holds one term annually. 



82 JUDICIARY. 

What is Us Jurisdiction? 

Principally Appellate ; it has original jurisdiction in 
a few cases, as mentioned in the Constisution. 

By whom are all tJiese judges appointed ? 

By the President and Senate. 

What is the Salary of the Supreme Court Judges ? 

The Chief Justice receives $10,500. Associates re- 
ceive $10,000. 

For how long a Term are all these judges appointed ? 

They hold the office for life, or during good behavior 
or until they resign. 

COURT OF CLAIMS. 
What is the Court of Claims ? 

I. The Court of Claims consists of a Chief Justice and 
4 Associate Justices, appointed by the President and 
.Senate, and holding their office during good behavior. 
The salaries of Chief Justice aud of Associate Justices 
are $4,500 each. 

II. It has authority to hear and determine all claims 
against the United States, founded upon any law of 
Congress or regulation of the executive department. 

III. Also upon any contract with the government, 
expressed or implied, and all claims which may be re- 
ferred to it by Congress. 

IV. Also all set-offs, counter claims, claims for dam- 
ages, or other demands whatsoever on the part of the 
government against any person making claim against 
the government in this court. 



GOVERIfOKS AND LIEUTEITANT-GOVERNORS. 83 
TERRITORIAL GOVERNORS. 

Frederick Bates, Secretary and Acting-Governor 1812-13 

William Clark..... 1813-20 

GOVERNORS AND LIEUTENANT GOVERNORS. 
Names of Governors. Names of Lieutenant Governors. 

Alexander McNair William H. Ashley 1820-24 

Frederic Bates ) 

Abraham J. Williams V Benjamin H. Reaves 1824-28 

John Miller ) 

John Miller Daniel Dunklin 1828-32 

Efbum w°Boggs:::::::;::: \ ^^-^- ^- ^ogg^ isz^s, 

Liburn W. Boggs Franklin Cannon 1836-40 

M^MSuk;:::;:::::: \^- ^- M-»aduke i84o.44 

John C. Edwards James Young 1844-48 

Austm A. King Thomas L. Rice 1848-52 

Sterling Price Wilson Brown 1852-56 

Trusten Polk ) 

Hancock Jackson [-Hancock Jackson 1856-60 

Robert M. Stewart ) 

C. P Jackson.... ) Thomas C. Reynolds... {.oaf^.A 

Hamilton R. Gamble \ Wiilard P Hall \ ^^^^'^^ 

WillardP. Hall ) WUlara r. ±iaii ) 

Thomas C. Fletcher George Smith 1864-68 

Joseph W. McClurg Edwin O. Stanard 1868-70 

B. Gratz Brown Joseph J. Gravelly 1870-72 

Silas Woodson Charles P. Johnson 1872-74 

Charles H. Hardin Norman J. Coleman 1874-76 

John S. Phelps ...Henry C. Brockmeyer.... 1876-80 

Thomas T. Crittenden Robert A. Campbell 1880-84 

John S. Marmaduke } ^^^ ^ p Morehouse 1884-88 

Albert P. Morehouse ) 

David R. Francis Stephen H. Claycomb 1888 — 



STATE IKSTITUTIOlSrS. 

STATE UI^IVEKSITY — COLUMBIA. 

Board of Curators.— G. F. Eotliwell, B. M. Dilley, 
C. G-. Bnrnes, Gardiner Lathrop, John Hinton, 0. H. 
Hardin, S. M. Breckenbridge, E. Y. Mitchell, R. B. 
Oliver. President joro tern., M. M. Fisher, A.M.,D.D., 
LL.D. 

IsToRMAL School, Disteict No. 1 — Kirksville. 

Board of Eegents. — Sumner Boynton, Kirksyille; An- 
drew Ellison, Kirksville; Wm. B. Hayes, Lancaster; 0. 
E. Hannak, Randolph; John S. Erwin, Kirksville; Dr. 
J. M. McKinnon, Newark; W. E. Coleman, Superinten- 
dent of Schools. Prof. J. P. Blanton, President. 
Normal School District No. 2. — Warreksburg. 

Board of Regents, — W. E. Coleman, Superintendent 
of Schools, ex-officio regent; Dr. J. H, Kinyoun, Cen- 
terview; James B. Gantt, Clinton; J. E. Ryland^ Lex- 
ington; A. W. Rogers, Warrensburg; C. W. Stevenson, 
Warrensburg; J. N. Dalby, Sedalia; President, George 
L. Osborne, LL.D. 
Normal School District No. 3. — Cape Girardeau. 

Board of Regents, — T. B. Buford, Fredericktown; C. 
C. Rozier, Ste. Genevieve; L. J. Albert, Cape Girar- 
deau; G. T. Bartlett, Poplar Bluff; J. R. McKinney, 
Bellevue; W. E. Coleman, Superintendent of Schools; 
President, Richard C. Norton, LL.D. 

(84) 



state institution's of missouei. 85 

Normal School — Lincoln Institute, — Jefferson 
City. 

Board of Eegents. — 0. G. Birch, Jefferson City; R. 
E. Young, Nevada; Alexander Chinn, Glasgow; T. I. 
Goddin, L. C. Kraiithoff; "W. E. Coleman, Superin- 
tendent of Schools; President, Inman E. Page. 
State Lunatic Asylum No. 1, Fulton. 

Board of Managers, — Dr. J. H. Howard, Callaway; 
Samuel Harrison, Callaway; J. Sam Watson, Callaway; 
C. Leslie Hall, M. D. Saline; Eobert C. Clark Howard; 
Superintendent, W. K. Rodes, M.D. 

State Lunatic Asylum No. 2. — St. Joseph. 

Board of Managers. — W. W. Ramsey, Maryville; 
Waller Young, St. Joseph; W. K. DeBord, Andrew; T. 
R. Valliant, Platte City; G. W. Davis, Plattsburg; Dr. 
W. J. Heddens, St. Joseph; Dr. A. V. Barnes, St. 
Joseph; Superintendent, Dr. R. E. Smith. 

State Lunatic Asylum No. 3. — Nevada. 

Board of Managers. — J. F. Robinson, H. C. Moore, 
Nevada; D. C. Kennedy, Springfield; J. K. Cole, La- 
mar; William M. Bunce, Vernon; Superintendent, Dr. 
R. E. Young. 

State School for the Blind. — St. Louis. 
Board of Trustees. — Benjamin Blewett, St. Louis; F. 
R. O'Neil, St. Louis; M. H. Post, St. Louis; E. W. 
Stephens, Boone county; Marshall Arnold, Scott 
county; Superintendent, J. T. Sibley. 
Missouri Institution for the Education of the 
Deaf and Dumb — Fulton. 
Board of Commissioners. — John A. Hockaday, S. L. 
Dedman, Callaway county; F. A. Dessert, Macon 



86 MISSOURI STATE IKSTITUTIOIS-S. 

county; James Duross, St. Louis; Superintendent, J. 
N. Tate, A. M. 

Missouri Reform School for Boys. — Boonville. 

Board of Managers. — J. R. Walker, Cooper county; 
M. F. Bell, Callaway county ; C. Tillery, Clay county; 
C. E. Leonard, Cooper county; Wm. Williams, Cooper 
county; Superintendent, L. D. Drake. 

State Industrial Home for Girls. — Chillicothe. 

Members of Board of Control. — Mrs. I. R. Slack, 
Chillicothe; T. B. Yates, Gallatin; J. H. Shanklin, 
Trenton; W. Mcllwrath, Chillicothe; Mrs. R. A. De- 
Bott, Trenton; J. T. Daniel, Gallatin; Superintendent, 
Mrs. Julia Vincent. 



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THE UNITED STATES. 

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS. 
Under Iww many lieads may this topic be treated ? 
Two: the first being the manner pursued by the polit- 
ical parties for nominating candidates; the second, the 
constitutional provisions for electing them. 

I. Calling of a National Convention. 

II. Calling of State Conventions. 

III. Calling of County or Assembly District 
Conventions. 

IV. Calling of Town Caucuses. 

By icliom is tlie National Convention called f 

By a National Committee appointed at the last Na- 
tional Convention, or the one held four years before. 

By wJwm is the State Convention called ? 

By a State Committee, appointed at the State Con- 
vention held the year before. 

By wliom is tlie County or Assembly District Convention called ? 
By a County or District Committee, appointed at a 
previous convention. " 

By whom is a Totcn Caucus called? 

By a Town Committee, appointed at a previous meet- 
ing. 
Which meeting is held first ? 

The Town Caucus, where* delegates are'elected to at- 
tend a County or Assembly District Convention/ 



88 THE Ui^ITED STATES. \ 

Which Convention is next held? 

The County or Assembly District Convention, where 
delegates are elected to attend the State Convention. 

Whicli Convention is next held ? 

The State Convention,, where delegates are elected to 
attend the National Convention. 

What Convention is next lieldf 

The National Convention. The delegates then and 
there assembled nominate candidates for the offices of 
President and Vice-President; and adopt their political 
platform. 

When do these conventions just naitned take 'place 'i 
Once in four years, in the months of April, May, 
June, preceding preceding the presidential election. 

1. State Convention for nominating the Elec- 
tors for President and Vice-President. 

^ II. Voting for these Electors at the annual 
elections. 

When does tlie State Convention for nominating the Electors 
meet f 

At a time when it is convenient to nominate State 
officers: usually in August or September. 

To Iww many Electors is each State entitled! 

To as many as it has Eepresentatives and Senators, 
lor instance, New York has 34 Eepresentatives in the 
House, and 2 Senators; therefore New York is entitled 
to 36 electoral votes Colorado has 1 Representative, 
and % Senators, and is entitled to 3 electoral votes. 



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PRESIDEI^^TIAL ELECTTOXS. 89 

Haw are these Electors distributed about the State ? 
One Elector is elected for each Congressional District; 
ihe two others are called Electors at Large, and are se- 
lected from any part of the State. 

What must each political party do that it may get its candidates 
lefore the j)eople ? 

It must have its conventions and nominate the re- 
'^nired number of electors. 

What are these Electors intended to represent ? 

The views of the 23arty nominating them. 

How frequently , and when, is a Presidential election held? 

Once in four years, on the Tuesday following the first 
Monday in November, throughout all the States. 

What must each wter do in the State of Missouri, that he may 
cast a ballot for President and Vice-President? 

He must hand to the inspectors of election a ballot 
•on which is printed the names of the sixteen electors. 

By whom are these votes to be canvassed {or counted)? 

By the same officers that count other votes. The 
Executive authority of each State causes three lists of 
the electors of such State to be made and certified and 
delivered to the said electors, on or before the second 
Monday in January. 

MEETING OF PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS. 
What must the Electors that ham been declared elected then do? 
I. They must meet on the second Monday in Janu- 
ary succeeding their election, at such place in each 



90 THE UKITED STATES. 

State as the Legislature thereof shall designate (usually 
the capital), and must vote for President and Vice-Pres- 
ident, one of whom shall not be an inhabitant of the 
same State with themselves. 

II. The Electors must make and sign three certificates 
of all the votes by them given for President and Vice- 
President, annexing to each a certificate of the Electors 
furnished by the authority of the Executive. 

III. These certificates must be sealed, certifying, on 
the outside of each, that there is contained therein a list 
of the votes of such State for President and Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

IV. A person duly appointed by the Electors, or a 
majority of them, must take charge of and deliver one 
of these certificates to the President of the Senate, at 
the seat of government. 

V. The second certificate must be forwarded through 
the mails to the President of the Senate, at the seat of 
government. 

VI. The third certificate must be delivered to the 
Judge of the District Court in which the electors as- 
semble. 

OPEIs^IKG AND COUi^TING THE ELECTOEAL VOTES. 

Wheri and hy whom must these Certificates he opened? 

On the second Wednesday in February the President 
of the Senate, in the presence of the Senate and House 
of Eepresentatives, must open these certificates, and the 
votes must then be counted. The person having the 
greatest number of votes, if that number be a majority, 
shall be the President-; and the person having the 
greatest number of votes for Vice-President, if that 
number be a majority, shall be Vice-President. 



IN CASE OF KO DECISIOK BY ELECTORAL VOTE. 91 

Who must count the votes ? 

Tellers appointed for that purpose by the House and 
Senate. 

I7i case neither candidate for the presidency has a Majority of alZ 
the electoral rotes cast, wlmt must he done ? 

The election goes to the House of Eepresentatives. 

ELECTION^ BY THE HOUSE OF REPRESEIS'TATIYES. 
How does this Election take place ? 

I. Two-thirds of the States must be represented to- 
constitute a quorum. 

II. The candidates must be those already voted for, 
and must be confined to those receiving the highest 
number, not exceeding three. 

III. Each State is entitled to only one vote: and it 
will be cast according to the wishes of a majority of the- 
members in the House from that State. If, for instance,, 
a State has 15 members, 8 belonging to one party, and 
7 to another, the 8, being a majority, will, if agreed^ 
cast the one vote; the minority having no voice in the 
election. Should there be an even number of members 
from any State, and should they be equally divided be- 
tween two candidates, there might be one-half vote for 
each candidate. 

In case of a Failure on the part of the House of Eepresentatives 
to elect a President before the 4th of March, what then? 

The Vice-President must act as President. 

ELECTION^ OF VICE-PRESIDENT BY THE SEN"ATE. 
Can the Senate ever elect a Vice-President ? 
Yes, when the people have failed to elect a Vice-Pres- 
ident, then the Senate must elect. 



■92 THE UKITED STATES. 

How is this done ? 

I. Two-thirds of all the Senators constitute a quorum ^ 

II. The Senate must vote for the two persons who 
received the highest number of votes for Vice-President. 

III. A majority of all the members elected to the 
Senate is necessary to a choice. 

IV. Should there be a tie in the Senate, the Vice- 
President may give the casting vote. 

V. Should the Vice-President have succeeded to the 
presidency, or have vacated his office, and the President 

j)ro tern, (a Senator) preside, in that case there might 
be a tie, and no election reached. 

THE PRESIDEIsTTIAL SUCCESSIOIT. 

What are tJie pi^ovisions for filling tJie office of President when 
Vacant ? 

In case of the removal, death, resignation, or inability 
of a President to discharge the powers and duties of the 
said office, the same shall devolve upon the Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

II. In case of the removal, death, resignation, or ina- 
bility of both the President and Vice-President of the 
United States, the duties of said office shall devolve 
upon the Cabinet officers in the following order: 

1. Secretary of State; if there be none, then on the 

2. Secretary of the Treasury; if there be none, then 
on the 

3. Secretary of War; if there be none, then on the 

4. Attorney General; if there be none, then on the 

5. Postmaster G-eneral; if there be none, then on the 

6. Secretary of the Navy; if there be none, then on 
the 



THE PRESIDEiq-TIAL SUCCESSION". 93- 

7. Secretary of the Interior: until the disability of 
the President or Vice-President is removed or a . Presi- 
dent shall be elected. 

III. Provided, That whenever the powers and duties 
of the office of President or Vice-President shall devolve 
upon any of the Cabinet officers, if Congress be not then, 
in session, or if it would not meet in accordance with 
law within twenty days thereafter, it shall be the duty 
of the person upon whom said powers and duties shall 
devolve to issue a proclamation convening Congress in 
extraordinary session, giving twenty days' notice of the 
time of meeting. 

IV. Cabinet officers to be eligible must have been ap- 
pointed by the advice and consent of the Senate, and be 
eligible to the office of President under the Constitu- 
tion, and not under impeachment by the House of Eep- 
resentatives at the time the duties shall devolve upon 
them. (Approved January 19, 1886.) 

Wliat is the Electoral College ? 

I. The term ''Electoral College'' means the presi- 
idential Electors when assembled as a body to cast the 
vote for President and Vice-President. 

II. Each State may provide by law for the filling of 
any vacancy which may exist in its college of electors, 
when such college meets to cast its electoral vote. 

WTiat are tJie requirments as to Eligibility of tJie President and 
Vice President ? 

I. No person shall hold the office, either of President 
or Vice-President, except native born citizens, or those 
who were in this country at the time of the adoption of 
the Constitution. 



94 THE UNITED STATES. 

II. The candidate must have been a resident of the 
United States for 14 years. 

III.' He must be at the time of his election 35 years 
of age. 

What are some of the Duties of the President ? 

I. He is Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy 
of the United States; 

II. And of the Militia of the several States when 
called into actual service of the United States. 

III. He has power to grant reprieves and pardons for 
offences against the United States, except in cases of 
impeachment. 

IV. He has power to make treaties when two-thirds 
of the Senate present concur. 

V. He nominates, and, by and with the consent of 
the Senate of the United States, appoints Ambassadors, 
Public Ministers, Consuls, Judges of the United States 
Courts, and all other United States officers not other- 
i^ise provided for. 

VI. He may fill all vacancies that happen during re- 
-cess of the Senate, by granting commissions that expire 
at the close of the next session. 

VII. He must from time to time give to Congress 
information in regard to the condition of affairs in the 
United States, and recommend such measures as he 
deems expedient. For further duties, see Constitution 
of the United States, Art. II. 

What are some of the Duties of the Vice-President? 

I. He is President of the United States Senate, and 
lias a vote only in case of a tie. 

II. In case he succeeds to the presidency, then he 



DERIYATIOK OF AUTHORITY. 95 

performs the duties of the President, and the President 
'pro tern, (a Senator) performs the duties of Vice-Presi- 
dent and Senator. 

What are the Salaries of the President aiid of the Vice-President ? 

The President receives $50,000;* the Vice-President 
receives $8,000. 

A tabular view showing how some United States offi- 
cers get their authority. 

President. 






H 9 OQ CO 



I. Electors. „ vice-Preddent. 



Si: 

Members of the House ( p^egi^.^t sometimes, f 
of Eepresentaties ( ' 

U. S. Senators -j V. President sometimes.! 



I. President's Cabinet 
consisting of 



What appointments are made by the President subject to confirmor- 
tion by the Senate ? 

CI. Sec. of State. 

2. Sec. of Treasury. 

3. Sec. of War. 
<^ 4. Sec. of Navy. 

5. Sec. of Interior. 

6. Postmaster General. 

7. Attorney General. 

II. Governors of territories. 

III. Ambassadors. 

IV. Ministers to foreign countries. 

* The President's salary cannot be increased or diminished during his 
term of office. 

+ IH 1801 and 1825. Who. 

t Richard M. Johnson waa elected Vice-President by the Senate in 1831 
This is, thus far, the only Instance. 



96 THE UNITED STATES. 

V. Consuls. 

VI. Judges of the U. S. Supreme Court. 

VII. Judges of the U. S. Circuit Courts. 

VIII. Judges of the District Courts. 

IX. Postmasters. 

And many other officers. 

What class of officers in the State performs nearly the same duti.es 
as the Cabinet officers in the Nation ? 

Those classed as ^^Administrative/' on page 61; in 
the State they are elected by the people; in the Nation 
they are appointed by the President. 

THE CABINET. 

What are some of the Duties of the Cabinet officers? 

I. The Secretary of State, at the head of the 
State Department preserves the public archives, records, 
laws, arguments and treaties, and supervises their pub- 
lication; conducts ail business and correspondence aris- 
ing out of foreign relations; makes out and records 
passports, commissions, etc. 

II. The Secretary of the Treasury, at the head 
of the Treasury Department, receives and has charge of 
all moneys paid into the United States Treasury; has 
general supervision of the fiscal transactions of the 
Government, the collection of revenue, the auditing 
and payment of accounts and other disbursements; su- 
pervises the execution of the laws relating to Commerce 
and Navigation, the Eevenues and Currency, the Coast 
Survey, the Mint and Coinage, the Lighthouse Establish- 
ments, Custon Houses, etc. 

III. The Secretary of War, at the War Depart- 
ment, has charge of business growing out of military 



THE CABINET. UT 

affairs; keeps the records of the army; issues eommisions; 
directs the government of troops; superintends their 
l)ayment, stores, clothing, arms, equipments and ord- 
nance; constructs fortifications and conducts works of 
military engineering, river and harbor improvements. 

IV. The Secretary of the Navy, at the head of 
the Navy Department, has charge of the Naval establish- 
ments and all business connected therewith; issues Naval 
commissions, instructions and orders; supervises the 
enlistment and discharge of seamen, the construction 
of Navy Yards and Docks, the construction and equip- 
ment of vessels. Coast Surveys, etc. 

V. The Secretary of the Interior, at the head 
of the Department of the Interior, has charge ot the 
survey, management, sales and grants of Public Lands; 
the examination of Pension and Bounty Land claims; 
the management of Indian affairs; the award of Patents; 
the distribution of Seeds and Plants; the taking of 
Censuses; the management of Government mines, etc. 
The Bureau of Education is a branch of this depart- 
ment. 

VI. The Postmaster General at the head of the 
Post-office Department, has charge of the Postal Sys- 
tem; the establishment and discontinuance of Post-of- 
fices; the appointment of Agents; the contracts for car- 
rying the mails, etc. 

VII. The Attorney General, at the head of the 
Department of Justice, is the legal adviser of the 
President and members of the Cabinet; examines ti- 
tles, applications for pardons, and judicial and legal 
appointments; conducts and argues suits in which the 
Government is concerned, etc. 



'98 THE UNITED STATES. 

A^III. The Secketary of Agriculture, whose duty 
it is to i^romote the agricultural interests of the country. 

What are the Salaries of the memhers of the Cabinet ? 

$8,000 a year. 

Name the x>i"csent Cabinet officers. See page vi. 

AMBASSADORS, MINISTERS, AND CONSULS. 

ItVhat is an Ambassador ? 

An Ambassador is a minister of the highest rank, ap- 
pointed to represent the interests of a country at the 
court or seat of government of some other country. 

What is a Minister Plenipotentiary ? 

A Minister Plenipotentiary is an Ambassador or En- 
voy, invested with full powers to negotiate a treaty, or 
-do some other special business, without being a perma- 
nent resident of such country. Under such circum- 
..stances, he is called Ambassador extraordinary. 

What is a Consul f 

A person commissioned to reside in a foreign country 
.as an agent or representative of a government, to pro- 
tect the rights, commerce, merchants, and seamen of 
the country, and to aid in commercial, and sometimes 
in diplomatic transactions, with such foreign country ; 
he is sometimes called Ambassador, or Minister ordi- 
nary. 

Name a few of the highest Salaries paid Ministers. 

The ministers to London, Paris, Berlin, and St. 
Petersburg receive $17,500 each. Those to Vienna, 
Madrid, Eome, Pekin, Yeddo, Tokio, Mexico, and Eio 
Janiero, receive $12,000 each. The United States has 
no Ambassadors. 



THE TWO HOUSES OF CONGKESS. 99 

CONGEESS. 

A FEW COMPARISONS BETWEEN" THE STATE AND 

NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS. 

Name a similarity in Divisions between the State and the Na- 
tional government. 

Each has 3 divisions, the Legislative, Executive, and 
Judiciary. 

Name a similarity in the Legislative Department. , 

Each has two branches, known as the House of Rep- 
resentatives and the Senate. The House of Representa- 
tives elects its own speaker ; the State Senate is presided 
over by the Lieutenant-Governor ; the National Senate 
is presided over by the Vice-President. 

What is the number of Members in each at the present tim^ ? 

In the State House of Representatives there are 140; 
in the National House of Representatives, 330 ; in the 
State Senate, 34 ; in the National Senate 84. 

How do their Terms of offi.ce compare ? 

The members of the House of Representatives, both 
State and National are elected for 2 years ; of the State 
Senate for 4 years, of the National Senate for 6 years. 

THE TWO HOUSES OF CONGRESS. 

Of what Divisions does Congress consist ? 

Of the Senate and House of Representatives. 

How many Members has the Senate ? 

The Senate has twice as many members as there are 
States in the Union. 



100 



THE Ui^riTED STATES. 



THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 

How many Members Tias the House of Representatives? 

The House of Eepresentatives consists of such a num- 
ber as Congress shall decide upon and name, after the 
taking of each national census; and this number con- 
tinues for the next ten years, unless increased by the 
admission of new States, each new State being entitled 
to one or more members. 

The following table shows the ratio of representation 
in the House of Representatives, through the several 
decades to the present time. 



1789.. 


..ratio, 30,000.. 


. number of members 


;, 65. 


1793.. 


.. " as.oco.. 


" 


" 


106. 


1803.. 


.. " 33,000 ., 


.. " 


" 


142. 


1813.. 


.. " 35,000., 


" 


" 


181. 


1823.. 


.. " 40,000.. 


" 


" 


213. 


1833. . 


.. " 47,700.. 


" 


i( 


340. 


1843 . 


.. " 70,680.. 


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(( 


223. 


1853.. 


.. " 93,420,., 


(( 


'• 


234. 


1863. . 


. . " 127,316. . 


" 


" 


243. 


1873.. 


.. " 131,425.. 


«' 


" 


293. 


1883.. 


.. " 154,000.. 


" 


" 


325. 



The present number, 330, is apportioned as follows: 



A-labama 8 

A.rkansas 5 

California 6 

Colorado 1 

Connecticut 4 

Delaware 1 

Florida 2 

Georgia 10 

Illinois 20 

Indiana 13 

Iowa 11 

Kansas 7 

Kentucky . . .11 

Louisana 6 

Maine 4 

Maryland 6 



Massachusetts 12 

Michigan 11 

Minnesota 5 

Mississippi 7 

Missouri 14 

Montana. 1 

Nebraska 3 

Nevada 1 

New Hampshire 2 

New Jersey 7 

New Tork 34 

North Carolina 9 

North Dakota 1 

Ohio 21 

Oregon 1 

Pennsylvania 28 



MISSOURI COI^GRESSIOKAL DISTRICTS. 101 

Rhode Island 2 Vermont. 2 

South Carolina 7 Virginia 10 

South Dakota 2 Washington 1 

Tennessee 10 West Virginia. 4 

Texas 11 Wisconsin 9 

COl^-GRESSIONAL DISTRICTS I:N" MISSOURI. 

The following is the apportionment of Congressional 
Districts in and for the State of Missouri, based on the 
census of 1880. 

I. The counties of Clark, Lewis, Marion, Shelby, 
Knox, Scotland, Schuyler, Putman, Adair, Macon. 

II. The counties of Grundy, Livingston, Carroll, 
Sullivan, Linn, Chariton, Kandolph, Monroe. 

III. The county of Worth, Gentry, De Kalb, Clinton, 
Clay, Ray, Caldwell, Daviess, Harrison, Mercer. 

IV. The counties of Atchison, Xodaway, Holt, 
Andrew, Buchanan, Plate. 

y. The counties of Jackson, Lafayette, Johnson. 

VI. The counties of Saline, Howard, Boone, Moni- 
teau, Cooper, Pettis, Benton, Morgan, Camden, Hick- 
ory, Polk, Dallas. 

VII. The counties of Ralls, Pike, Audrain, Mont- 
gomer}^, Lincoln, Warren, St. Charles, Franklin. 

VIII. Saint Ferdinand township in St. Louis county, 
and Wards 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 16, 20, 23, 28 of St. Louis. 

IX. Wards 1, 2, 3, 10, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 26, 27, of 
St. Louis. 

X. Wards 5, 7, 9, 11, 21, 22, 24, 25 of St. Louis, and 
the counties of Reynolds, Iron, Madison, Perry, Ste. 
Genevieve, Francois, Washington, Jefferson, and St. 
Louis except St. Louis township. 



102 



THE UN"ITED STATES. 



XI. The counties of Callaway, Cole, Osage, Gascon- 
ade, Maries, Miller, Pulaski, Phelps, Crawford, Dent, 
Texas, Wright, Laclede. 

XII. The counties of Cass, Bates, Henry, St. Clair, 
Vernon, Cedar, Barton, Dade, Jasper. 

XIII. The counties of Newton, McDonald, Barry, 
Lawrence, Greene, "Webster, Christian, Stone, Taney. 

XIV. The counties of Douglas, Ozark, Howell, 
Shannon, Oregon, Carter, Ripley, Butler, Wayne, Bol- 
linger, Cape Girardeau, Scott, Stoddard, Dunklin, 
Pemiscot, New Madrid, Mississippi. 

Sources from which the United States territory has beek obtained. 



Popular name 

of the 

Territory. 



Original thir- 
teen States.. 

Louisiana Pur- 
chase 

Florida Pur- 
chase 

Texas 



California Pur- 
chase 



Gadsden Pur- 
chase 

Oregon County 



Alaska Pur- 
chase . . . 



From what 
country 
obtained. 



Great Britain. 

France 

Spain 



Treaty of 
Pans — 



Mexico 



Mexico 

Four Titles. 

1. Discovery, 
Captain Grey, 

1792. 

2. Exploration. 
Lewis and 

Clarke, 1805 

3. Settlement, 
1811. 

4. Treaty with 
Spain, 1819. 



Russia. 



Treaty. 



Annexation 
of the Re- 
public of 
Texas. . . . 

Treaty of 
Guadalu- 
pe Hidal- 
go 



Date of 
Treaty. 



Sept. 3, 1783 
Apr. 30,1803 
Feb. 2, 1819 

Dec. 29,1845 

Feb. 2, 1848 
Dec. 20,1853 



Area in 
square 
miles. 



Cost. 



$27,267,621- 
[.9< 
$6,489,768. 



830,000 

1,182,752 

59,268 

274,356 



522,568 $15,000,000. 

45,535 $10,000,000. 
250,000 



Mch. 30,1867 6577,30 $7,200,000. 



ELECTION" OF represe:n'tatives, 103- 

MAJORITY AKD PLURALITY. 

What is fneant by Majority and Plurality in an election f 

When only two candidates are voted for, for the same 
oflfice, the one receiving more than one-half has a 
majoritij; but if there are more than two candidates for 
the same office then the one who receives the greatest 
number of votes has 'di plurality, unless he receives over' 
one-half of all votes cast. 

A majority means more than one-half. 

A plurality means more than any one else. 

How are members of the House of Representatives Elected? 

They are elected every even year by the voters of the 
several States, the voters of each Congressional District 
electing one member. 

What is their Term of office? 

The term of office is 2 years, and begins on the 4th of 
March following the election. 

What is a Congressman-at- Large ? 

He is a member elected by the voters of the entire 
State. 

After a new apportionment by Congress, some States will have a larger 
number of Representatives than during the preceding decade. For instance. 
New York had one additional Representative by the apportionment of 1882. 
The Legislature failed to re-district the State in 1882, and as there were but 
33 Congressional districts to elect 34 Representatives, one had to be elected 
by the voters of the entire State. 

What special Qualiflcations must a Representative possess ? 

I. He must be 25 years of age, an inhabitant of tho 
State in which elected, and 7 years a citizen of the 
United States. 

Note.— By the term citizefi here is meant, that an alien must have been 
naturalized 7 years before he can hold this office. 

II. He cannot hold any other office under the United. 
States during his continuance in this office. 



204 THE Ui^ITED STATES. 

HI. He shall not be appointed to any civil office 

under the authority of the United States, which shall 

have been created^ or the emoluments of which shall 

have been increased, during his term of office. 

Hoio are Vacancies in this office filled f 

By special election in the district in which the va- 
cancy exists; such election being ordered by the Gov- 
ernor of the State. 

Note.— The person elected at such special election serves only for the 
unexpired term. 

What are some of tlie Duties of Bepresentati'ces? 

I. To take the oath of office. (See page 145.) 

KoTE.— The oath is administered to the members before taking their 
seats, by the last Clerk of the House of Representatives, whose duty it is to 
act as presiding officer until a Speaker shall be elected. 

II. To elect from their number a presiding officer, 
who is called ''''Speaker.^' 

HI. To elect from outside their number other offi- 
cers, as Clerk, Sergeant-at-Arms, Doorkeeper, and Post- 
master. 

IV. A majority constitute a quorum for doing busi- 
ness; judge of the elections, return, and qualifications 
of their own members; compel the attendance of absent 
members; determine their own rules of proceedings; 
punish members for disorderly behavior; and expel a 
member by a two-thirds^ vote. 

V. They may not adjourn for more than three days, 
or to any other place than that in which the Senate also 
is sitting, without the consent of the Senate. The same 
rule applies to Senators. 

VI. To have co-ordinate jurisdiction with the Senate 
in enacting laws. 



THE SENATE. 105 

VII. To have the. sole power of originating impeach- 
ments. 

Note.— An impeachment is a specific accusation (and is in the form of an 
indictment) against a public oflBcer, charging him with a crime or misdemea- 
nor sufficient to put the accused on trial at the bar of the Senate. When 
a majority of the members of the House has imi)eached an officer, it appoint* 
a committee to lay the whole matter before the Senate, and to represent tha 
House in its prosecution. The duties of the House of Representatives end 
here. 

VIII. All bills for revenue must originate in the 
House of Representatives, but the Senate may propose 
or concur in amendments as in other bills. 

IX. To select a President of the United States/ when 
the electors fail to elect one. (See pages 91-92.) 

This has occurred twice. Thomas Jefferson was elected in 1801, and 
John Quincy Adams in 1825. (See page v.) 

HoiD are Territories represented ? 

Each Territory is entitled to one delegate, who has the 
privilege of presenting the claims of his Territory; but 
has no vote. (See page 73.) 

THE SENATE. 

How are United States Senators elected ? 

By the Legislatures of the several States, for a term 
of 6 years. 

Note.— WTien a Senator is to be elected, each body of a Legislature by a 
viva voce vote of each member present on the second Tuesday after the meet- 
ing and organization thereof, names a candidate for Senator. 

The two houses meet in joint assembly, the day following, and if the 
same person has received a majority of all the votes cast in each house (a 
<luorum being present) he is declared duly elected Senator of the United 
States. 

If no person has received such majority, then the joint assembly pro- 
•ceeds by viva voce vote to elect a Senator, and continues to vote at least once 
■each day during the session, or until a Senator shall be elected. For man- 
ner of viva voce voting see page 56. 

HoiD loere Senators Classified according to tlie Constitution, at the 
Jirst meeting f 



106 THE UNITED STATES. 

I. There were only 19 Senators at the opening. The 
names of 6 were put into one class, 7 into another, and 
6 into another. 

II. No two Senators' names from the same State were 
put into one class. 

III. Three papers of equal size numbered one, two, 
and three, were rolled up and put into a box, and drawn 
by a committee of three persons chosen for this purpose 
in behalf of the respective classes in which each of them 
was placed. 

IV. Senators of the first class were to vacate their 
seats in 2 years; of the second, in 4 years; of the third, 
in 6 years. 

V. By a resolution of Congress in 1789, it was decided 
that when Senators take their seats from States that 
have not before appointed Senators, they shall be placed 
by lot in the foregoing classes in such manner as shall 
keep the classes as nearly equal as may be in num- 
bers. 

VI. Two or four years will intervene between two 
successive expirations of Senatorial terms in any State. 

What special Qualifications must a Senator possess ? 

I. He must be 30 years of age, an inhabitant of the 
State in which elected, and 9 years a citizen of the 
United States. 

II. He must be free from the restrictions in regard to 
holding office heretofore given for Eepresentatives, 

WMt are tTiey ? 

How are Vacancies in this office filled ? 
I. If a vacancy occurs during the recess of a Legisla- 
ture of any State, the Governor of such State may make 



DUTIES OP SENATOKS. 107 

a temporary appointment, which will expire at the meet- 
ing of the Legislature. 

II. If the Legislature of a State be in session at the 
time a vacancy occurs, the Legislature will proceed ta 
fill such vacancy by voting as in the case of a full term. 

Note.— The person elected to fill a vacancy serves only for the unex- 
pired tenn. 

DUTIES. 

What are same of ilie Duties of Senators ? 

I. To take the oath of office. (See page 145.) The 
oath will be administered by the Clerk of the Senate. 

II. To elect their Clerk, Sergeant-at-Arms, Door- 
keeper, and Postmaster. These officers are not mem- 
bers of the Senate. 

III. Sections IV., V., and VI., under duties for Rep- 
resentatives, apply to Senators likewise. What are they? 

IV. The Senate, sitting as a court, has sole power to 
try all impeachments. 

Note 1.— The Chief Justice shall preside when the President of the 
United States is beinj? tried. 

Note 2.— It requires two-thirds of the members present to concur in 
order to convict. 

Compare pp. 57, 58, 105. 

Note 3.— The following persons have been tried by this Court : 

1. William Blount, United States Senator from Teimessee was impeached 
by the House of Representatives in 1797, tried by the Senate, and €xj>eUed. 
The charge was " That he had intrigued when Governor of the Territory, ta 
transfer New Orleans and the neighboring districts, then belonging to Spain, 
to Great Britain, by means of a joint expedition of English and Indians." 

2. John Pickering, District Judge, N. H., was impeached by the House 
of Representatives in 1803. Senate failed to convict. 

3. Samuel Chase, Associate Justice, was impeached, tried by the Senate 
iu 1805, and discharged. 

4. James H. Peck, District Judge, Missouri, was impeached, tried by the 
Senate, iu 1830, and discharged. 

5. The impeachment (or indictment) of Andrew Johnson in 1868, con- 
sisted of 11 articles or counts. Only three of those articles or counts were 



108 THE Ui^-ITED STATES. 

acted upon, the vote standing 34 for conviction, and 19 against. He was not 
- convicted. Eepeat the provisions of the Constitution as to impeachments, 
pages 115 and 116. 

Y. To ratify or reject treaties 2^i*oposed by the 
President of the United States, two-thirds of the Sen- 
ators jiresent concurring. (See page 140.) 

VI. To confirm or reject ajDjD ointments made by the 
President. (See page 95.) 

VII. To elect a Vice-President of the United States 
in case the electors fail so to do. (See jDage 91.) 

VIII. To elect a President j9ro tem^oore. This is usu- 
ally done at the close of the first Executive Session of the 
Senate after the inauguration of the new Vice-President, 
so that if the Vice-President should be called upon to 
perform the duties of President, the Senate would not 
be without a ^Dresiding officer. (See j^age 92.) 

IX. The President pro tempore of the Senate may act 
.as Vice-President, in case of a vacancy, but can never 
he in fact a Vice-President, because the President pro 
tempore may be less than 35 years of age, or born in a 
foreign country, and consequently may be ineligible 
to the office of Vice-President. 

Note,— For further legislative powers, such as levying duties, coining 
money, fixing the standard of weights and measures, establishing post- 
offices and post-roads, inferior courts, punishment of piracies, etc., see 
page 119. 

How are Congresses named ? 

By ordinal number. The 51st Congress will come 
into power March 4, 1889, and at the close of two years 
will be followed by the 52d Congress, a new Congress 
succeeding to power every two years. 



DUTIES OF SEiq-ATORS. 109 

When does Congress meet ? 

The Constitution provides that Congress shall meet 
the first Monday in December, in each year; conse- 
quently, there can be no session of a neio Congress 
until that time, unless ordered by the President. 

The first regular session of a Congress may continue 
a full year. The .9eco??fZ regular session must close on 
the third of March, at which time the term of the mem- 
bers of the House of Representatives expires. 

WJuit is meant hy the Senate having Executive Sessions? 

I. An executive session is for the purpose of ratifying 
treaties, confirming appointments made by the Presi- 
dent, etc. 

II. It is a meeting of the Senate only, and is some- 
times called by the President when Congress is not iu 
session. At the commencement of a presidential term, 
the Senate is convened for the purpose of confirming 
the Cabinet and other appointive officers. 

May the Presiding Officers vote 

I. The Speaker of the House of Representatives, be- 
ing a member of the House, is always entitled to a vote 
upon any question. 

II. The Vice-President not being a member of the 
Senate, is entitled to vote only in case of a tie in the 
Senate. 

III. The President pro tempore, as presiding officer, 
is entitled to vote upon all questiv^ns, because he is a 
member of th Senate. (Compare page 58.) 

Wlmt are the Salaries of Congressmen ? 
I. The Speaker of the House receives a salary of 
$8000. 



110 THE UI^ITED STATES. 

II. The President 2JT0 tern, of the Senate receives a 
salary of $8000. 

III. Senators^, Eepresentatives, and Delegates (see 
page 73) receive $5000 a year, and 20 cents a mile for 
travel in going to and returning from Washington. 

What are tlie Standing Committees of Congress ? 

I. Both houses have standing committees, among 
which are the following: Ways and Means, Foreign 
Eelations, Finance, Appropriations, Judiciary, Com- 
merce, Military Affairs, Naval Affairs, Indian Affairs, 
Flections, Banking and Currency, Railroads, etc. 

II. These committees are appointed in the House of 
Representatives by the Speaker; in the Senate, by the 
members of the Senate. 

III. Each committee has a chairman and secretary: 
ihe chairman of any committee, by a law of 1863, is 
•empowered to administer oaths to witnesses in any case 
under consideration. 

IV. Special committees are appointed for the exam- 
ination of special cases. 

V. The object of having committees is to expedite 
business: bills and matter pertaining to a particular 
subject are referred to the committee having that sub- 
ject in charge; the committee investigates, and reports 
in proper form to the House or the Senate as the case 
may be. 

COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE. 

Explain tlie mannefi- in which a deliberative body is resolved into 
a Committee of tJie Whole. 

I. A member of the House of Representatives, Sen- 
ate, or any other deliberative body, moves that tnat 



COIS'STITUTIONAL PROVISIONS. Ill 

body resolve itself into a Committee of the Whole for 
the consideration of a particular subject : if carried, the 
Speaker or presiding officer leaves the chair, naming 
some member to take his place as chairman. 

II. The Speaker or presiding officer becomes a mem- 
ber of the committee, and can take part in the debate 
as other members. 

III. The Committee of the Whole cannot conclude 
any business and cannot adjourn. 

IV. When the discussion is completed, some member 
moves that the Committee of the Whole do '^ now rise '^; 
whereupon the Speaker resumes his place in the chair, 
and the chairman reports to him the business which was 
transacted in the Committee of the Whole. 

V. If the House or any other body while in Commit- 
tee of the Whole desires to adjourn, it rises, and only 
after the chairman ^^ reports progress ■*' to the Speaker 
is a motion to adjourn in order. 

VI. The object of going into a Committee of the 
Whole is to get rid of those rules which hinder and re- 
tart free debate. 

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS. , : 

NATURALIZATION. ^ 

Explain the process of Naturalization. 

I. Aliens, persons born in other countries, may be- 
come citizens in five years after coming to this country 
by complying with certain rules. 

II. They must make a declaration of intention on 
oath before a court of competent jurisdiction, desiring 
to become citizens, except as in Sec. V, and except 
where an alien became resident in the U. S. before ar- 
riving at the age of 18 yrs. 



112 THE UNITED STATES. 

Note.— A circuit or district coiui; of the United States, or a district or 
supreme coiu't of Territories, or a court of record of any of the States hav- 
ing common law jurisdiction, is a court of competent jurisdiction. 

in. Five years must have elapsed after a foreigner 
becomes a resident^ and two years after a declaration 
of intention as above^ before lie can become a citizen. 
At this time he must take the oath of allegiance. 

IV. The oath of allegiance must be preceded by the 
oath of other witnesses — to the 5 years^ residence, and 
good moral character of the applicant. 

Y. An exception to this is, that an alien soldier hav- 
ing served in the Union Army one year and having ob- 
tained an honorable discharge, may become a citizen of 
the United States on making oath to these facts and 
taking the oath of allegiance. 

YI. When a foreigner becomes naturalized, his chil- 
dren under 21 years of age, if residents of the United 
States at the time, become citizens without further 
formality. 

YII. If a foreigner makes his declaration of inten- 
tion to become a citizen of the United States, and dies 
before the time to become fully naturalized, his wife 
and children become citizens at that time, on taking 
the oath of allegiance. 

HABEAS CORPUS 

What is a writ of Habeas . Coi'pus 1 

I. An instrument in writing issued by a judge, com- 
manding the sheriff or whoever has the prisoner in 
charge, to bring him before the judge. 

II. The case is not tried, but the judge simply exam- 
ines the case to ,see whether the imprisonment is lawful; 



treasons". 113 

that is, whether any crime is charged, or whether there 
is any proper complaint, or commitment, 

III. If the prisoner be lawfully held, he may send him 
back to prison, or if unlawfully held, release him. 

IV. This famous writ protects the rights of personal 
liberty by causing the case of the person under arrest 
to be examined by a competent judge. 

V. The privilege of this writ shall not be suspended, 
unless, when in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public 
safety requires it. (See page 137.) 

Note.— The wi-it of habeas corpus was suspended by President Lincoln, 
May, 1861 ; in December of the same year, Congress passed an act approv- 
ing the action of the President, and authorizing the suspension of the -vsiit 
as long as he should deem it necessary. 

EX POST FACTO LAWS. 

What is an Ex Post Facto Law ? 

An Ex Post Facto Law, as defined by the Supreme 
Court of the United States, is one which renders an act 
punishable in a manner in which it was not punishable 
when the act was committed. For this and other pro- 
hibitions, see pages 137 and 138. 

TREASON. 
What is Treason ? 

I. Treason against the United States consists in levying 
war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving 
them aid and comfort. 

II. A conviction requires the testimony of two witnes- 
ses to the same overt act, or a confession in open court. 

III. The trial for treason will be conducted in all res- 
pects like any other criminal trial for a capital offence. 

Y. The penalty may be death, but by an act of Con- 
gress July 17, 1862, the punishment is discretionary 



114 THE UKITED STATES. 

with the Courts and may be imprisonment for not less 
ihan five years, and a fine of not less than $10,000. 

Note.— No person has ever been convicted of treason in the United 
States. Jefferson Davis w^as captured May 10, 1865, and placed in Fortress 

JVIonroe, May 19, where he was confined for two years. In May, 1867, he 
was brought before the United States Circuit Court at Richmond on a charge 

rof treason, and was admitted to bail. In December, 1868 he was discharged, 

POLITICAL DISABILITIES. 

What persons were deprived by the Fourteenth AmendmeTit from 
Jiolding any civil or military appointment under the United States? 

I. Those who, having taken an oath as a member of 
Congress, or 

II. As an officer of the United States, or 

III. As a member of any State Legislature, or 

IV. As an executive or judicial officer of any State, 
iio support the Constitution of the United States, shall 
have engaged in the insurrection or rebellion against 
the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies there- 
of. (See page 151.) 

How were thsse Disabilities removed ? 

I. By laws enacted by Congress to that effect by a 
two-thirds' vote. 

II. By the same being proclaimed by the President in 
the several amnesty proclamations of May 29, 1867, in 
ivhich fourteen classes of persons were excepted, fol- 
lowed by other proclamations dated September 7, 1867; 
July 4, 1868; December 25, 1868. 

Note.— The last one was as follows: " I do hereby proclaim and declare, 
unconditionally and without reservation, to all and to every person who di- 
rectly or indirectly participated in the late insurrection or rebellion a full 
pai-don and amnesty for the offence of treason against the United States." 

AMENDMENTS. 

How may Amendments be m/ide to the Constitution ? 

I. Whenever two-thirds of both houses of Congress 



AMEN'DMEKTS. 115 

shall deem it necessary, they may prepare amendments, 
which shall become binding when ratified by the Legis- 
latures of three-fourths of the States. 

Note.— The above is the usual way. 

II. On application of the Legislatures of two-thirds 
of the States, Congress shall call a convention for pro- 
posing amendments, which must be ratified in conven- 
tions held by three-fourths of the States. 

III. A prohibition in regard to amendments is that 
no State without its consent shall be deprived of its 
equal suffrage in the Senate. (See page 144.) 

NOTES ON ITATURALIZATIOiT. 

I. All persons born in this country are citizens. 

II. Children under 21 years of age, born in other countries, become natur- 
alized by the naturalization of the father. 

III. When a foreigner has lived in this country (h7'ee years and has made 
application to become a citizen, and the application is on file in the office of 
the Secretary of State, he is then entitled to hold lands by deed and convey 
the same lawfully: he is also entitled to vote at school meetings, but for no 
other officers until fully naturalized. 

IV. Any woman, who might lawfully be naturalized under the existing 
laws, 7natried, or who shall be rmmied to a citizen of the United St&tes, shall 
be deemed and taken to be a citizen. , -^-" 



MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIOISTS. 

The following questions and answers are given for the 
purpose of keeping some of the more difficult points 
before the minds of the advanced students. 

What is a Quorum ? 

A majority of either body in the G-eneral Assembly or 
in Congress constitutes a quorum for doing business. 
See pp. 56, 104. 

Where do Bills originate ? 

Bills may originate in either house of the G-eneral As- 
sembly ; but in Congress, all bills for raising revenue 
must originate in the House of Eepresentatives : but 
the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as 
on any other bills. See pp. 60, 133. 

What is the Court of Impeachment ? 

In both the State of Missouri and the United States, 
the Senate is the Court of Impeachment. 

Who may grant Reprieves and Pardons ? See pp. 6^, 94. 
What is an Ex-post Facto Law ? See pp. 113. 
Wliat is a Writ of Habeas Coo-pus. See pp. 112, 137. 
What is Treason ? See page 113. 



Note.— A difaculty existed between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton, 
growing out of a political controversy wliich culminated in a duel, fought 
July 11, 1804, in which the latter was killed. Bun- was disfranchised by the 
laws of New York, for having fought a duel, and was indicted for murder in 
New Jersey. His term of office as Vice-President closed March 4, 1805. In 
116 



MISCELLANEOUS QUESTION'S. 117 

April he started on a tour through the western country, and was suspected 
of bemg engaged in a scheme of forming a new government on the borders, 
and perhaps partly within the United States. 

His proceedings excited alarm, and Nov. 27, 1806, President Jefferson issued 
a proclamation against him; being arrested in Alabama, Feb. 19, 1807, he was 
brought to Eichraond, Va., for trial for high treason. The trial commenced 
March 27, and lasted till Sept. 7. No overt act of treason was proven, and 
the verdict of the jury was " Not Guilty under the Indictment." 

What was Attainder? 

In old English law, the extinction of civil rights, and 
the forfeiture of estate which followed, when a person 
was condemned to death for treason or felony, or when 
judgment of outlawry had been pronounced against him 
for not appearing to answer to a capital crime. 

What was a Bill of Attainder? 

It was a legislative conviction for alleged crimes with 
judgment of death. 
It is forbidden by our Constitution. See page 137. 

What are letters of Marque and Reprisal? 

They are commissions issued by a government to pri- 
vate persons, authorizing them to seize the property of 
a foreign nation or its subjects, as a reparation for some 
injury. Congress has exclusive power to grant them. 
See page 135. 

WJmt is Capital Punishment? 

It is punishment by death, and is inflicted as a pen- 
alty for murder, treason, and arson in the first degree. 

What is Arson? 

It is maliciously burning any dwelling-house, shop, 
or any building, the property of another. 

Note.— The burning of an inhabited dwelling in the night-time is arson In 
^e first degree. 



118 :, MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 

What is Burglary f 

It is forcibly breaking into and entering in the night- 
time the dwelling-house of another with intent to com- 
mit a crime. 

\ WTwbt is Larceny f 

It is wrongfully taking of another^s personal property, 
with the intent to deprive him of it permanently. 

' * Note.— If the property taken amounts to twenty-five dollars and upwards, 
the crime is grmid larceny, and is a state's prison offence. If less than twenty- 
five dollars (unless second offence), it is petit larceny and is punishable by fine 
or imprisonment in jail or both. 

^l-^What is Slander? 

f ' Slander is a false statement about another, which in- 
jures him in his reputation or business. If the person 
slandered proves that he has been damaged, the slanderer 
may be compelled to pay heavy damages. A person is 
liable for repeating a slander, the same as though he 
originated it. 

What is Libel ? 

A libel is a false publication in print or writing, signs 
or pictures, tending to injure a person in his reputation 
or business, or to expose him to public hatred, contempt, 
or ridicule. A person may be liable for heavy damages 
for words printed or written, for which he would not be 
liable if merely spoken, because of their wider circula- 
tion. 

WTmt is Forgery ? 

Forgery consists in falsely making, counterfeiting, or 
altering any instrument in writing with intent to defraud. 
What is Counterfeiting? 

Counterfeiting is the general term for making false 
coin and paper money, or passing it. 



MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 119^ 

Wlwbt is Bribery f 

Bribery is the offering money or other reward, or ac- 
cepting money or some other reward for the purpose- of 
influencing votes, for securing anything against justice. 
See Cons, of New York, page 158. 

What is Perjury ? 

Perjury is stating material matter falsely, under the 
solemnity of a legal oath. 

WTiat is Robbery ? 

Robbery is the taking of personal property from an- 
other in his presence and against his will by violence, 
or by putting him in fear of immediate injury to his 
person. 

WJiat is Bigamy ? 

The crime of bigamy consists in a man^s having two or 
more living wives at the same time, or a woman^s having 
two or more living husbands at the same time. Where 
done openly by a class professing to consider it right, it 
is called polygamy, or polyandry. 

What is Murder ? 

Murder is the killing of a human being deliberately 
and maliciously, and with intent to effect death. 

Note.— The law specifies different degrees of murder. Murder in the 
first degree is punishable by death; in the other degrees, by imprisonment for 
longer or shorter times. 

What is IhnbezzlemeTit ? 

Embezzlement consists in fraudulently taking what is 
intrusted to one by another, with intent to apply to one's 
own use; and is usually punishable in the same manner 
as larceny of the same amount. 



THE 



Declaration of Independence, 



AND THE 



CONSTITUTION 



OF THE 



TT^SriTEID ST-^TES. 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



m CONGRESS, JULY 4, 1776. 



The Uitanimous Declaration of the Thirteeit 
Ukited States of America. 

When in the course of human events, it becomes neces- 
sary for one people to dissolve the political bands whicb 
have connected them with another, and to assume, 
among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal', 
station to which the laws of nature and of nature^s God_ 
entitles them, a decent respect to the opinions of man- 
kind requires that they should declare the causes which. 
impel them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men-- 
are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator- 
with certain unalienable rights, that among these are- 
life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That to 
secure these rights, governments are instituted among 
men, deriving their Just powers from the consent of the 
governed; that whenever" any form of government be- 
comes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the 
people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new 
government; laying its foundation on such principles, 
and organizing its powers in such form as to them shall 
eeem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. 
Prudence, indeed, will dictate, that governments long; 

(123) 



124 DECLARATION- OF Il^DEPENDEITCE. 

established should not be changed for light and transient 
causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown that 
mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are 
sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the 
iorms to which they are accustomed. But when a long 
train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the 
same object, evinces a design to reduce them under ab- 
solute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to 
throw off such government, and to provide new guards 
for their future security. Such has been the patient 
sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the neces- 
sity which constrains them to alter their former systems 
©f government. The history of the present King of 
Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpa- 
tions, all having in direct object the establishment of an 
absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, let 
:ia>cts be submitted to a candid world. 

He has refused his assent to laws, the most wholesome 
and necessary for the public good. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of imme- 
diate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their 
-operation till his assent should be obtained; and when 
so suspended he has utterly neglected to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommoda- 
tion of large districts of people, unless those people 
would relinquish the right of representation in the leg- 
islature, a right inestimable to them, and formidable to 
tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places 
unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository 
of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing 
them into compliance with his measures. 



DECLARATION OF INDEPEKDElsTCE. 125 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for 
opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights 
of the people. 

He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, 
to cause others to be elected; whereby the legislative pow- 
ers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the 
people at large for their exercise; the State remaining, 
in the meantime, exposed to all the dangers of invasion 
from without, and convulsions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these 
States; for that purpose obstructing the laws for natur- 
alization of foreigners; refusing to pass others to encour- 
age their migrations hither, and raising the conditions 
of new appropriations of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice by 
refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary 
powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for 
the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment 
of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent 
hither swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat 
out their substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing 
armies, without the consent of our legislatures. 

He has affected to render the military independent of 
and superior to the civil power. 

He has combined with others to subject us to a juris- 
diction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged 
by our laws; giving his assent to their acts of pretended 
legislation : 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: 



126 DECLAKATIOiq- OP IKDEPEKDEI^CE. 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punish- 
ment for any murders which they should commit on the 
inhabitants of these States: 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world: 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent: 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of 
trial by jury: 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pre- 
tended offences: 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a 
neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary 
government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to ren- 
der it at once an example and fit instrument for intro- 
ducing the same absolute rule into these colonies. 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most 
Taluable laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of 
our governments: 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring 
themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all 
cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out 
of his protection, and waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt 
our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. 

He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign 
mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation 
and tyranny, already begun, with circumstances of 
cruelty and perfidy, scarcely parallelled in the most bar- 
barous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized 
nation. 

He has constrained our fellow citizens, taken captive 
on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 137 

become the executioners of their friends and brethren, 
or to fall themselves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, 
and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our 
frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known 
rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all 
ages, sexes and conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned 
for redress in the most humble terms; our repeated peti- 
tions have been answered only by repeated injury. A 
prince whose character is thus marked by every act 
which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a 
free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attentions to our British 
brethren. We have warned them from time to time, of 
attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable 
jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the 
circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. 
We have appealed to their native justice and magnan- 
imity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our 
common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which 
would inevitably interrupt our connections and corres- 
pondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of 
justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, ac- 
quiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, 
and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies 
in war, in peace friends. 

We, therefore, the Eepresentatives of the United 
States of America, in General Congress assembled, ap- 
pealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the recti- 
tude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by authority 
of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish 



128 DECLARATION^ OF INDEPENDENCE. 

and declare, that these United Colonies are, and of right 
ought to be, free and indejpendent States ; they are ab- 
solved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that 
all political connection between them and the State of 
Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and 
that as/ree and independent States, they have full power 
to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish 
commerce, and to do all other acts and things which inde- 
pendent States may of right do. And for the support of 
this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection 
of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other 
our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 

John" Hancock, and 54 other signers. 



THE OONSTITUTIOK 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



Preamble. 

We the people of the United States, in order to form 
a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic 
tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote 
the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty 
to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish, 
this constitution for the United States of America. 

ARTICLE I.— Legislative. 

Section 1. — Coi^gress. 
1. x\ll legislative powers herein granted shall be vested 
in a congress of the United States, which shall consist 
of a senate and house of representatives. 

Sectio:n" 2. — House of Eeprese^-tatives. 

1. Election, — The house of representatives shall be 
composed of members chosen every second year by the 
people of the several states; and the electors in each 
State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors 
of the most numerous branch of the State legislature. 

2. Qualifications. — IN'o person shall be a representa- 
tive who shall not (1) have attained to the age of twenty- 
five years, and (2) been seven years a citizen of the 

(129) 



130 CON"STITUTIOK OF THE UNITED STATES. [Art. I 

Uuited States, and who shall not (3) when elected, be 
an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. 

3. Apportio7ime7it. — Representatives and direct taxes 
shall be apportioned among the several States which may 
be included within this Union, according to their respec- 
tive numbers, which shall be determined by adding to 
the whole number of free persons, including those 
bound to service for a term of years, and excluding 
Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The 
.actual enumeration shall be made within three years 
after the first meeting of the congress of the United 
States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, 
in such manner as they shall by law direct. The num- 
ber of representatives shall not exceed one for every 
"thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one 
representative; and until such enumeration shall be 
made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to 
choose three; Massachusetts eight; Ehode Island and 
Providence Plantations, one; Connecticut, five; New 
York, six; New Jersey, four; Pennsylvania, eight; Dela- 
ware, one; Maryland six; Virginia, ten; North Carolina, 
five; South Carolina, five; and Georgia three. 

4. Vacancies, — When vacancies happen in the repre- 
sentation from any State, the executive authority there- 
of shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 

5. Officers. — The house of representatives shall choose 
their speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole 
power of impeachment. 

Section- 3. — Seitate. 
1. Election. — The senate of the United States shall be 
composed of two senators from each State chosen by the 



Sec. 3] CON'GRESS: orgais^izatioi^. 131 

legislature thereof, for six years; and each senator shall 
have one vote. 

2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in con- 
sequence of the first election, they shall be divided as 
equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the 
senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expira- 
tion of the second year, of the second class at the ex- 
piration of the fourth year, and of the third class at 
the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may 
be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen, 
by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the 
legislature of any State, the executive thereof may 
make temporary appointments until the next meeting 
of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 

3. Qualifications. — N'o person shall be a senator who 
shall not have (1) attained the age of thirty years, and 
(2) been nine years a citizen of the United States, and 
who shall not (3), when elected, be an inhabitant of 
that State for which he shall be chosen. 

4. Officers. — The vice-president of the United States 
shall be president of the senate, but shall have no vote 
unless they be equally divided. 

5. The senate shall choose their other officers, and 
also a president j^ro tempore in the absence of the vice- 
president, or when he shall exercise the office of presi- 
dent of the United States. 

6. Impeacliments. — The senate shall have the sole 
power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that 
purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When 
the president of the United States is tried, the chief 
justice shall preside; and no jierson shall be convicted 



132 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. [Art. I 

without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members 
present. 

7. Judgments in cases of impeachments shall not ex- 
tend further than to removal from office, and disquali- 
fication to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or 
profit under the United States; but the party convicted 
shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, 
trial, judgment and punishment, according to law. 
Section 4. — Elections and Meetings. 

1. Elections. — The times, places and manner of hold- 
ing elections for senators and representatives shall be pre- 
scribed in each State by the legislature thereof; but the 
congress may at any time by law make or alter such 
regulations, except as to the place of choosing senators. 

2. Meetings, — The congress shall assemble at least once 
in every year; and such meeting shall be on the first 
Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint 
a different day. 

Section 5. — Oeganization. 

1. Quorum. — Each house shall be the judge of the 
elections, returns and qualifications of its own members, 
and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do 
business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day 
to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance 
of absent members, in such manner and under such 
penalties as each house may provide. 

2. Rules. — Each house may determine the rule of its 
proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, 
and with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 

3. Journal. — Each house shall keep a journal of its 
proceedings, and from time to time publish the same. 



Sec. 7] C0N"GRESS: organizatiois". 133 

excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, require 
secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either 
house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of 
those present, be entered on the journal. 

4. Adjournment. — Neither house, during the session 
of congress, shall, without the consent of the other, ad- 
journ for more than three days, nor to any other place 
than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. 

Sectioj^- 6. — Members as Ij^diyiduals. 

1. Pay and Privileges,— T\iQ senators and represen- 
tatives shall receive a compensation for their services, 
to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of 
the United States. They shall in all cases except treason, 
felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest 
during their attendance at the sessions of their respective 
houses, and in going to and returning from the same; 
and for any speech or debate in either house they shall 
not be questioned in any other place. 

2. ProhiMHons.—No senator or representative shall, 
during the time for which he was elected, be appointed 
to any civil office under the authority of the United 
States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments 
whereof shall have been increased, during such time; 
and no person holding any office under the United States 
shall be a member of either house during his continu- 
ance in office. 

Section 7.— Revei^ue; The Veto. 
1. Revemie Bills.— All bills for raising revenue shall 
originate in the house of representatives; but the senate 
may propose or concur with amendments as on other 
bills. 



134 cois^stitutio:n' of the united states. [Art. I 

2. The Veto. — Every bill which shall have passed the 
house of representatives and the senate shall, before it 
becomes a law, be presented to the president of the 
United States; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not 
he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in 
which it shall have originated; who shall enter the ob- 
jections at large on their journal, and proceed to re- 
consider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds 
of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, 
together with the objections, to the other house, by 
which it shall likewise be reconsidered; and, if aj^proved 
by tAvo-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But 
in all cases, the votes of both houses shall be determined 
by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting 
for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal 
of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be 
returned by the president within ten days (Sundays ex- 
cepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the 
same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, 
unless the congress, by their adjournment, prevent its 
return, in which case it shall not be a law. 

3. Every order, resolution or vote, to which the 
concurrence of the senate and the house of representa- 
tives may be necessary (except on a question of adjourn- 
ment), shall be presented to the president of the United 
States; and, before the same shall take effect, shall be 
approved by him; or, being disapproved by him shall be 
repassed by two-tliirds of the senate and house of repre- 
sentatives, according to the rules and limitations j^re- 
scribed in the case of a bill. 



Sec. 8J co:n-gress: the veto; powers. 135 

SECTioi^ 8. — Legislative Powers. 
The congress shall have power: 

1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and ex- 
cises; to pay the debts and provide for the common 
defence and general welfare of the United States; but 
all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform through- 
out the United States. 

2. To borrow money on the credit of the United 
States. 

3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and 
among the several States, and with the Indian tribes. 

4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and 
uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout 
the United States. 

5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of 
foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and 
measures. 

6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting 
the securities and current coin of the United States. 

7. To establish post-ofFices and post-roads. 

8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, 
by securing for limited times, to authors and inventors, 
the exclusive right to their respective writings and dis- 
coveries. 

9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme 
court; to define and punish piracies and felonies com- 
mitted on the high seas, and olfences against the law 
of nations. 

10. To declare war, grant letters of marque and re- 
prisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and 
water. 



136 COXSTITUTIOJ^- OF THE U:N"ITED STATES. [Art. I 

11. To raise and support armies; but no apjDropria- 
tion of money to that use shall be for a longer term 
than two years. 

12. To provide ^nd maintain a navy. 

13. To make rules for the government and regulation 
of the land and naval forces. 

14. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute 
the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel 
invasions. 

15. To provide for organizing, arming and disciplin- 
ing the militia, and for governing such part of tliem as 
may be employed in the service of the United States; re- 
serving to the States respectively the appointment of the 
officers and the authority of training the militia accord- 
ing to the discipline prescribed by congress. 

16. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases what- 
soever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) 
as may, by cession of particular States, and the accej^t- 
ance of congress, become the seat of government of the 
United States; and to exercise like authority over all 
places purchased, by the consent of the legislature of the 
State in which the same shall be, for the erection of 
forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful 
buildings; and 

1 7. To make all laws which shall be necessary and 
proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, 
and all other powers vested by this constitution in the 
government of the United States, or in any department 
or officer thereof. 

Section 9. — General Prohibition's. 
1. The migration or importation of such persons as 
any of the States now existing shall think proper to 



Sec. 10] congress: prohibition's. 137 

admit, shall not be prohibited by the congress prior to 
the year one thousand eight hundred and eight; but a 
tax or duty may be imposed on such importation not 
exceeding ten dollars for each person. 

2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not 
l)e suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or inva- 
sion, the public safety may require it. 

3. No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law shall be 



4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, un- 
less in proportion to the census or enumeration herein- 
before directed to be taken. 

5. No tax or duty shall be laid on any articles exported 
from any State. No preference shall be given by any 
regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one 
State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to 
or from one State be obliged to enter, clear or pay duties 
in another. 

6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in 
consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular 
statement and account of the receipts and expenditures 
of all public money shall be published from time to 
time. 

7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United 
States; and no person holding any office of profit or 
trust under them shall, without the consent of the con- 
gress, accept of any present, emolument, office, of any 
kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. 

Section- 10. — Prohibition's Upon" the States. 

1. Absolute. — No State shall (1) enter into any treaty, 
alliance or confederation; (2) grant letters of marque 



138 COITSTITUTION" OF THE UXITED STATES. [Art. II 

and reprisal; (3) coin money; (4) emit bills of credit; (5) 
make any tiling but gold and silver coin a tender in pay- 
ment of debts; (6) pass any bill of attainer, ex ])08t facto 
laW;, or law impairing the obligation of contracts; or (7) 
grant any title of nobility. 

2. Excejjt hy Consent of Congress. — No State shall, 
without consent of congress, (1) lay any imposts or 
duties on imports or exports, except what may be abso- 
lutely necessary for executing its inspection laws; and 
the net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any 
State on imports or exports shall be for the use of the 
treasury of the United States, and all such laws shall be 
subject to the revision and control of the congress. No 
State shall, without the consent of the congress, (2) lay 
any duty of tonnage, (3) keep troops or ships of war in 
time of peace, (4) enter into any agreement or compact 
with another State, or with a foreign power, or (5) en- 
gage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent 
danger as will not admit of delay. 

ARTICLE II— Executive. 

Sectiok 1. — The President akd Vice-Peesident. 

1. Election. — The executive power shall be vested in 
a president of the United States of America. He shall 
hold his office during the term of four years; and to- 
gether with the vice-president chosen for the same term, 
be elected as follows: 

2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the 
legislature thereof may direct a number of electors equal 
to the whole number of senators and representatives to 
which the State may be entitled in the congress; but no 
senator or representative, or person holding an office of 



Sec. 1] PRESIDEI^T AITD VICE-PRESIDEKT. 139 

trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed 
an elector. 

(Paragraph 3 has been superseded and annulled bj 
12th amendment. ) 

4. The congress may determine the time of choosing 
the electors, and the day on wliich they shall give their 
votes, which day shall be the same throughout the 
United States. 

5. Qualifications. — No person, excej^t (1) a natural 
born citizen or a citizen of the United States at the 
time of the adoption of this constitution shall be eligible 
to the office of president; neither shall any person be 
eligible to that office who shall not have (2) attained to 
the age of thirty-five years, and (3) been fourteen years 
a resident within the United States. 

6. Vacancy. — In case of the removal of the president 
from office, or of his death, resignation or inablity to 
discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the 
same shall devolve on the vice-president; and the con- 
gress may, by law, provide for the case of removal, death, 
resignation or inability, both of the president and vice- 
23resident, declaring what officer shall then act as presi- 
dent, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the 
disability be removed, or a president shall be elected. 

7. Salary. — The president shall, at stated times, re- 
ceive for his services a compensation which shall neither- 
be increased nor diminished during the period for which 
he shall have been elected; and he shall not receive within 
that period any other emolument from the United States, 
or any of them. 

8. Oath. — Before he enter on the execution of his 
office, he shall take the following oath of affirmation: 



14:0 CO>^STITUTIO:S" OF THE U]!TITED STATES. [Art. II 

'^ I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully 
execute the office of jDresident of the United States; and 
will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and de- 
fend the constitution of the United States." 

Section 2. — Poweks. 

1. The president shall be (1) commander-in-chief of 
the army and navy of the United States, and of the 
militia of the several States, when called into the actual 
service of the United States. He may (2) require the 
opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of 
the executive departments, upon any subject relating to 
the duties of their respective offices; and he shall (3) 
liave power to grant reprieves and pardon for offences 
against the United States, except in cases of impeach- 
ment. 

2. He shall (4) have power, by and with the advice 
and consent of the senate, to make treaties, provided two- 
thirds of the senators present concur; and he shall (5) 
nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of 
the senate shall appoint, (a) ambassadors, (b) other pub- 
lic ministers and consuls, (c) judges of the supreme 
€ourt, and (d) all other officers of the United States 
whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided 
for, and which shall be established by law. But the 
congress may, by law, vest the appointment of such 
Inferior officers as they think proper, in the president 
alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of depart- 
ments. 

3. The president shall (6) have power to fill up all 
Yacancies that may happen during the recess of the 
senate, by granting commissions which shall exj)ire at 
the end of their next session. 



Art. Ill] ujsriTED states courts. 141 

SECTIOi^ 3. 

1. He shall, from time to time, (7) give to the con- 
gress information of the state of the Union, and (8) 
recommend to their consideration such measures as he 
shall judge necessary and expedient. He may, (9) or 
extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either 
of them; and in case of disagreement between them 
with respect to the time of adjournment, he may 
(10) adjourn them to such time as he shall think 
proper. He shall (11) receive ambassadors and other 
public ministers. He shall (12) take care that the laws 
be faithfully executed; and shall (13) commission all the 
officers of the United States. 

Sectioi^ 4. — Impeachments. 

1. The president, vice-president and all civil officers 
of the United States, shall be removed from office on im- 
peachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery or 
other higher crimes or misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE III.- Judicial. 

Section 1. — Courts. 
1. The judicial power of the United States shall be 
vested in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts 
as the congress may, from time to time, ordain and 
establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior 
courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior; 
and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a 
compensation, which shall not be diminished during 
their continuance in office. 

Section 2. — Jurisdiction. 
1. Extent. — The judicial power shall extend to (1) all 
cases in law and equity arising under this constitution. 



142 COIs^STITUTIOiN" OF THE UNITED STATES. [Art. Ill 

the laws of the United States and treaties made, or 
which shall be made under their authority; to (2) all 
cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers 
and consuls; to (3) all cases of admiralty and maritime 
Jurisdiction; to (4) controversies to which the United 
States shall be a party; to controversies (5) between two 
OT more States; (6) between a State and citizens of an- 
other State; (7) between citizens of different States; (8) 
between citizens of the same State claiming lands under 
grants of different States and (9) between a State, or 
the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens or sub- 
jects. 

2. Original and appellate. — In all cases affecting 
ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and 
those in which a State shall be party, the supreme 
court shall have orginal jurisdiction. In all the other 
cases before mentioned, the supreme court shall have 
appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such 
exceptions and under such regulations as the congress 
may make. 

3. Criminal. — The trial of all crimes, except in cases 
■of impeachment, shall be by jury, and such trial shall 

be held in the State where the said crimes shall have 
been committed; but when not committed within any 
State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the 
congress may by law have directed. 

Section" 3. — Treason. 

1. Definition and proof . — Treason against the United 
States shall consist only in levying war against them or 
in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and com- 
fort. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless 



Art. IV] TREASON. — RELATION'S OF STATES. 143 

on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, 
or on confession in open court. 

2. Limit. — The congress shall have power to declare 
the punishment of treason; but no attainder of treason 
shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except dur- 
ing the life of the person attained. 

ARTICLE IV.— Relations of States. 

Section 1. — Public Eecords. 

1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State 
to the public acts, records and judicial proceedings of 
every other State; and the congress may, by general laws, 
prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and 
proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 

Section 2. — Rights of Citizens. 

1. In other State,9. — The citizens of each State shall 
be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in 
the several States. 

2. Extradition. — A person charged in any State with 
treason, felony or other crime, w^ho shall flee from jus- 
tice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand 
of the executive authority of the State from which he 
fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having 
jurisdiction of the crime. 

3. A relic of slavery. — No person held to service or 
labor in one State under the laws thereof, escaj^ing into 
another shall, in consequence of any law or regulation 
therein, be discharged from such services or labor; but 
shall be delivered upon claim of the party to whom such 
service or labor may be due. 



144 cokstitutiok op the united states. [art.v 

Section" 3. — New States an'd Territokies. 

1. New States. — New States may be admitted by the 
congress iuto this Union ; but no new State shall be formed 
Oi erected within the jurisdiction of any other State, 
nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more 
States, or parts of States, without the consent of the 
legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the 
congress. 

2. Territories. — The congress shall have power to dis- 
pose of, and make all needful rules and regulations 
respecting, the territory or other property belonging to 
the United States; and nothing in this constitution 
shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the 
United States, or of any particular State. 

Section" 4. — Natiojtal Protection. 

1. The United States shall guarantee to every State in 
this union a republican form of government, and shall 
23rotect each of them against invasion; and, on applica- 
tion of the legislature, or of the executive (when the 
legislature cannot be convened), against domestic vio- 
lence. 

ARTICLE v.— Amendments. 

1. The congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses 
shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to 
this constitution; or, on the applications of the legisla- 
tures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a con- 
vention for proposing amendments, which, in either 
case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part 
of this constitution when ratified by the legislatures of 
three-fourths of the several States, or in conventions of 



Art. VII] NEW STATES. — AMENDMENTS. 145 

three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of 
ratification may be proposed by congress; provided that 
no amendment, which may be made prior to the year 
one thousand eight hundred and eight, shall in any 
manner affect the first and fourth clause in the ninth 
section of the first article, and that no State without its 
consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the 
senate. 

AKTICLE VI.— Sundry Provisions. 

1. National debts. — All debts contracted and engage- 
ments entered into before the adoption of this constitu- 
tion shall be as valid against the United States under 
this constitution, as under the confederation. 

2. National law supreme. — This constitution, and 
the laws of the United States which shall be made in 
pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall 
be made under the authority of the United States, shall 
be the suj^reme law of the land; and the judges in every 
State shall be bound thereby, anything in the constitu- 
tion or laws of any State to the contrary nothwith- 
standing. 

3. Oaths. — The senators and reiDresentatives before 
mentioned, and members of the several State legislatures,. 
and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United 
States and of the several States, shall be bound by oatli 
or affirmation to supjDort this constitution; but no 
religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to 
any office or public trust under the United States. 

ARTICLE VII.— Establishment. 

1. The ratification of the conventions of nine States 
shall be sufficient for the establishment of this constitu- 
tion between the States so ratifying the same. 



146 COIfSTITUTIOJT OF THE UI^TITED STATES. [Am's, 

[Constitution ratified by States 1787—1790.] 

AMENDMENTS. 

I.— Freedom of Religion, Speech, and Petition. 

Congress shall make no law respecting an establish- 
ment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; 
or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press; or 
the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to 
petition the government for a redress of grievances. — 
(1791.) 

II.— Arms, 

A well regulated militia being necessary to the security 
of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear 
.arms shall not be infringed. — {1791.) 

III.— Quartering of Soldiers. 

Xo soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any 
house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of 
Tvar but in a manner to be prescribed by law. — {1791.) 

IV.—Search Warrants, 

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, 
houses, paper and effects, against unreasonable searches 
and seizures, shall not be violated; and no warrants shall 
issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or 
affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be 
searched, and the persons or things to be seized. — {1791.) 

v.— Criminal Proceedings. 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital or 
otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or 
indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in 
the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual 



I-IX] VARIOUS AMENDMENTS. 147 

service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any 
person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in 
jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled, in any 
criminal case, to be a witness against himself, nor be 
deprived of life, liberty or property, without due process 
of law; nor shall private property be taken for public 
use without just compensation. — {1791.) 

VI.— CriiniDal Proceedings. 

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy 
the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial 
jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall 
have been committed, which district shall have been 
previously ascertained by law; and to be informed of the 
nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted 
with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory 
process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have 
the assistance of counsel for his defence. (1791.) 

VII.— Trial by Jury, 

In suits at common law, where the value in contro- 
versy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by 
jury shall be preserved; and no fact tried by a jury sliall 
be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United 
States, than according to the rules of the common law. 
—{1791.) 

VIII.— Excessive Punishment. 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines 
imposed, nor cruel and unusual iDunishments inflicted. 
{1791.) , 

IX.— Rights Not Named. 

The enumeration in the constitution of certain rights 



148 COJTSTITUTIOIT OF THE U:N'ITED STATES. [Am^S. 

shall not.be construed to deny or disparage others re- 
tained by the people. — {1791.) 

X.— Powers Reserved, 

The powers not delegated to the United States by the 
constitution, nor prohibited to it by the States, are re- 
served to the States respectively, or to the people. — 
{1791.) 

XI.— Suits against States. 

The judicial power of the United States shall not be 
construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, com- 
menced or prosecuted against one of the United States 
by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects 
of any foreign State.— (i7^<?.) 

XII.— Election of President. 

1. The electors shall meet in their respective State, 
and vote by ballot for president and vice-president, one 
of whom at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same 
State with themselves. They shall name in their bal- 
lots the persons voted for as president, and in distinct 
ballots the person voted for as vice-president; and they 
shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as presi- 
dent, and for all persons voted for as vice-president, and 
of the number of votes for each; which lists they shall 
sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of gov- 
ernment of the United States, directed to the president 
of the senate. The president of the senate shall, in the 
presence of the senate and house of representatives, open 
all of the certificates, and the votes shall be counted. 
The person having the greatest number of votes^ for 
president shall be president, if such number be a ma- 



VI-XIII] VARIOUS AMENDMEi;rTS. 149 

jority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if 
no person have such majority, then from the persons 
having the highest number, not exceeding three, on the 
list of those voted for as president, the house of repre- 
sentatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the presi- 
dent. But in choosing the president, the votes shall he 
taken by States, the representation from each State hav- 
ing one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a 
member or members from two-thirds of the States, and 
a majority of the States shall be necessary to a choice. 
And if the house of representatives shall not choose a 
president, whenever the right of choice shall devolve 
upon them, before the fourth day of March next follow- 
ing, then the vice-president shall act as jDresident as in 
case of death or other constitutional disability of the 
president. 

2. The person having the greatest number of votes as 
vice-president shall be the vice-president, if such num- 
ber be a majority of the Avhole number of electors ap- 
pointed; and if no person have a majority, then from 
the two highest numbers on the list the senate shall 
choose the vice-president. A quorum for the purpose 
shall consist of two-thirds of the number of senators, 
and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary 
to a choice. 

3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the 
office of president shall be eligible to that of vice-presi- 
dent of the United States.— (i^^^.) 

XIII.— Slavery. 

1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except 
as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have 



150 COJTSTITUTIOK OF THE UITITED STATES. [Am^S. 

been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, 
or any place subject to their Jurisdiction. 

2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by 
ai)propriate legislation. — [1865.) 

XIV.— Civil Rights. 

1. Civil rights. — All persons born or naturalized in 
the United States and subject to the jurisdiction there- 
of, are citizens of the United States and of the State 
wlierein they reside. No State shall make or enforce 
any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities 
of the citizens of the United States; nor shall any State 
deprive any j^erson of life, liberty or property, without 
due 23rocess of law, nor deny to any person within its 
jurisdiction the equal jDrotection of the laws. 

2. Ajjportioninent of rej^resentatives, — Eepresenta- 
tives shall be apportioned among the several States ac- 
cording to their respective numbers, counting the whole 
number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not 
taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for 
the choice of electors for president and vice-president of 
the United States, representatives in congress, the 
executive and judicial officers of a State, or the mem- 
bers of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the 
male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years 
of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way 
abridged, except for particij)ation in rebellion or other 
crime, the basis of representation therein shall be re- 
duced in the proportion which the number of such male 
persons shall bear to the whole number of male citizens 
twenty-one years of age in such State. 



XIV-XV] VAKIOUS AMENDMENTS. 151 

3. Political disaMlities. — No person shall be a senator 
or representative in congress, or elector of president and 
vice-president, or hold any office, civil or military, 
under the United States, or under any State, who hav- 
ing previously taken an oath as a member of congress, 
or as an officer of the United States, or as any member 
of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial 
officer of any State, to support the constitution of the 
United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or re- 
bellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the 
enemies thereof. But congress may, by a two-thirds 
vote of each house, remove such disability. 

4. Public debt. — The validity of the public debt of the 
United States authorized by law, including debts in- 
curred for payment of pensions and bounties for services 
in suppressing insurrection and rebellion, shall not be 
questioned. But neither the United States nor any 
State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred 
in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United 
States, or any claim for loss or emancipation of any slave; 
but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be lield 
illegal and void. 

5. The congress shall have power to enforce, by ap- 
propriate legislation, the 23rovisions of this article. — 
{1868. ) 

XV.— SuflFrage. 

1. The right of the citizens of the United States to 
vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United State s 
or by any State on account of race, color, or previous 
condition of servitude. 

2. The congress shall have power to enforce this article 
by appro 23riate legislation. — [1870.) 



■THE SCHOOL BULLETIN PUBLICATIONS.^ 



The Cyclopedia of Education. 

This largest and handsomest of our publications is an octavo volume of 
562paffes, price S3.75. How indispensable it is to the teacher and to the 
school library may be judged from the following testimonials. 

" It is admirable in every way. The book is worthy of a lower shelf in 
every teacher's Wbvavy.— Educational News, June 8, 1889. 

"This handsomely printed book is worth adding to the pedagogical 
shelf of any reference library."— 7%^ Critic, March 23, 1889. 

" An elegant volume, which will find a place in the library of every 
teacher. The bibliography at the end of the book is the best educational 
check-list in the country."— i?. Heber Holbrook, in No7'mal Exponent, May, '89. 

"It is the most ambitious work of the kind yet published in English, 
and is, therefore, a verv valuable volume for the teacher's library. More- 
over, its value is increased greatly by the addition of a very extensive Bibli- 
ography of Pedagogy, both English and foreign."— Po;;';' Educator, Mch. '89. 

" This work occupies a distinct and peculiar field, and will be of contin- 
ual value to the educator. The special aim of the editor, Mr. A. Fletcher, 
has been to give a clear but concise account of facts and questions belong- 
ing to educational topics. Here are a few titles which will give some idea 
of the scope of the work : Pestalozzi, Attendance, Analysis of Sentences, 
Chemistry, Technical Education, Precocity, Pedagogy, Hamiltonian Method, 
Hegel, Universal Language, Utilitarianism, University, Kindergarten. Un- 
der these, and many scores of other topics, there is given amass of carefully 
combined information, much of which could not be found elsewhere."— 
Christian Union, Feb. 22, 1889. 

p- "A handbook of ready reference on educational subjects of a high plane 
of scholarship has long been a desideratum in this country, and this work in 
a large measure supplies this want. It is a handbook of reference on all sub- 
jects of education— its history, theory, and practice. The list of contributors 
to the work embraces the leading educational writers of England, including 
such names as Oscar Browning, J. S. Curwen, Sir Philip Magnus, Arthur 
Sidgwick, and James Sully. These men are writers of the broadest scholar- 
ship, capable of thinking deeply on educational subjects, and what they 
have to say is entitled to the highest confidence of the educational world. 
The object dilgently kept in view by the writers of this work has been to 
make it useful to all who take an interest in educational questions, and 
especially to those engaged in teaching. With this purpose in view the ob- 
ject has been to present a practical Adew of educational facts and questions 
discussed. An exhaustive treatment of the great variety of subjects has 
not been aimed at, the end sought being to bring their pedagogic features 
linto clear outline. Not the least useful part of the work is a ' Select and 
[Systematic Bibliography of Pedagogy,' occupying some forty pages. The 
Jwork makes a large octavo volume of 562 pages. The mechanical execu- 
tion is unusually satisfactory."— /owma^ of Pedagorjy, June, 1889. 

C. W. BAKDEEN, Publisher, Syracuse* N. Y. 



■THE SCHOOL BULLETm PUBLICATIONS.- 



Life and Works of Pestalozzi. 

1. Pestalozzi : Ms Aim and Work. By Baeon De Gunnps. Translated 
by Margaret Cuthbertson Crombie. Cloth, 12mo, pp. 336, $1.50. 

Demands a deep and earnest perusal.— T'eacA^rs' Aid, London, Feb. 2, 
1889. 

Among the best books that could be added to the teacher's library.— 
Chautauquan, Oct., 1889. 

It is sufficient to say that the book affords the fullest material for a 
knowledge of the life of the great educational veiovraev.— Literary World, 
June 22, 1889. 

Should be carefully studied hj eyerj teacher.— The Pacijic Educational 
Journal, Aug., 1889. 

The most satisfactory biography of Pestalozzi accessible to English 
Teaders.— Wisconsin Joiirncd of Education, Aug., 1889. 

There is not a teacher anywhere who cannot learn something by the 
perusal of this work.— Science, June 7, 1889. 

The work is a timely reminder how far we have strayed in following the 
deity of " examination," which should have been kept in its place as the 
handmaid of edncsLtion.— The Schoolmaster, London, Feb. 16, 1889. 

3. Pestalozzi and Pestalozzianism. By R. H. Quick. Paper, 16mo, pp.. 
40, 15 cts. 

This is a reprint from Quick's Educational Reformers, and contains the 
best brief abstract that has ever been written. 

3. Tlie Pestcdozzian Series of AritJimetics. Teachers' Manual and First- 
Year Text-Book for pupils in the first grade. Based upon Pestalozzl's 
method of teaching Elementary Number. By James H. Hoose. Boards, 
16mo, 2 editions. PujriPs Edition, pp. 156, 35 cts. Teacher's Edition, contain- 
ing the former, with additional matter, pp. 217, 50 cts. 

This is a practical exposition of the Pestalozzian Method, and has met 
with great success not only in the Cortland Normal School, where it was 
first developed, but in many other leading schools, as at Gloversville, Baby- 
lon, etc. It is diametrically opposed to the Grube Method, and good teach- 
ers should be familiar with both, that they may choose intelligently between, 
them. 

h. Lessons in Number, as given in a Pestalozzian School, Cheam, Surrey. 
The Master's Manual. By C. Reiner. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 224. $1.50. 

5. Lessons in Form, or, an Introduction to Geometry as given in a Pesta- 
lozzian School, Cheam, Surrey. By C. Reiner. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 215. $1.50. 

Both 4 and 5 in one volume, $2.00. 

These works were prepared in 1835 under the supervision of Dr. C. Mayo 
in the first English Pestalozzian school, and have particular value as repre- 
senting directly the educational methods of the gi-eat reformer. 

C, W. BARDEEN, Publisher, Syracuse, N. Y. 



■ TEE SCHOOL BULLETIN PUBLICATIONS.- 



Froebel and the Kindergarten. 

1. Autobiography of Friedrich Froebel. Translated and annotated by 
Emtlt Michaelis and H. Keatly Moore. Cloth, 12mo, pp. 183, $1.50. 

Useful and interesting * * * among the best that could be added to 
the teacher's library.— T^€ Chautauquan, Oct., 1889. 

There is no better introduction to the Kindergarten.— Tf'isco?i5m JournaZ 
of Education, Sept., 1889. 

It is a book which can be trusted to make its own way.— TJie Independent^ 
Oct. 10, 1889. 

These two books [Froebel and Pestalozzi] recently from the press of the 
enterprising and discriminating house of C. W. Bardeen, are the last and not- 
the least important contribution to American pedagogical literature. The 
professional library is incomplete without iheva.— Canada School Journal, 
Sept., 1889. 

2. Child and Child-Nature. Contributions to the understanding of 
Froebel's Educational Theories. By the Baroness Marenholtz-Buelow. 
Cloth, 12mo, pp. 207. $1-50. 

It is a fit companion to the Autobiography and the two are published In 
the same style— a capital idea— and a royal pair of volumes they make. — 
Educational Courant, Oct., 1889. 

Its design is to illustrate the theory and philosophy of Froebel's system. 
It does this so clearly and pleasingly as to give no excuse for criticism. * * 
* * The volume is one profitable for every mother, as well as every teacher 
of c\ni6.YQn.-^ Chicago Interocean., Sept. 14, 1889, 

3. The First Three Years of Childhood. By B. Perez, with an Intro- 
duction by Prof. Sully. Cloth, 12mo, pp. 294. $1.50, 

The eminent English psychologist. Prof. Sully says that Perez combines 
in a very happy and unusual way the different qualifications of a good ob- 
server of Children, and that he has given us the fullest account yet pub- 
lished of the facts of child-life. * * * The typography of the work is. 
excellent, and in external appearance the book is by far the handsomest 
American edition \ss\xedi.— Journal of Pedagogy, April, 1889. 

h. The Kindergarten System. Principles of Froebel's System, and their 
bearing on the Education of Women. Also Remarks on the Higher Educa- 
tion of Women, By Emily Shirrepp, Cloth, 12mo, pp. 200. $1.00, 

5. Essays on the Kindergarten. Being a selection of Lectures read be- 
fore the London Froebel Society. Cloth, 12mo, pp. 175. $1,00, 

6. Primary Helps. A Kindergarten ISIanual for Public School Teachers. 
8vo, boards, pp. 58, with 15 full page plates, 75 cts, 

7. The Neiv Education. Edited by W. N, Hailmakn, Vols. V and VI,. 
the last published. Each 8vo, cloth, pp. 146, $2.00. 

8. The New Education. By Prof, J. M. D. Meikeljohn. Paper, 16mo, 
pp. 35. 15 cts. 

C. W. BAKDEEN, Publisher, Syracuse, N. Y. 



THE SCHOOL BULLETIN PUBLICATIONS. 

Arithmetic by tlie Gfrube Method. 

1. First Ste2)s among Figures. A drill book in the Fundamental Rules 
-of Arithmetic. By Levi N. Beeee. Cloth, 16mo, Seditions. Pupils'' Edi- 
tion, pp. 140, 45 cts. Oral Edition, pp. 139, 50 cts. Teacliers'' Edition, includ- 
ing all in both the others, with additional parallel matter, Index, and Key, 
-pp. 326, Sl.OO. 

These books give the only practical exposition of the Grube Method, now 
generally admitted to produce the best results with beginners. It has been 
used ten years in the primary schools of such cities as Norwich, Conn., and 
Auburn, IST. Y., and for many years every student in the Albany State Normal 
School has been directed to purchase a copy to take with him for his subse- 
quent use in teaching. 

From a multitude of testimonials we copy the following : 

" We are still successfully using Beebe's First Steps. It has many admi- 
rable qualities."— >S'?/?)7 N. L. Bishop, Norwich, Conn. 

" I think it especially excellent for a system of graded schools, where 
"uniformity of teaching is essential. It develops in practical shape an idea 
^hat I have long sustained as to the proper method of teaching arithmetic." 
Sup't B. B. Snow, Auburn, N. Y. 

"I have recommended Beebe's First Steps as the best work in primary 
arithmetic. . . . The book is received with much favor, and is very helpful 
to me in my work. "— P/'o/". A. N. Husted, State Normal School, Albany, N Y. 

" I am much pleased with the book, and wish every primary teacher to 
have a copy."— *S'?/p'i! J. M. Frost, Hudson, N. Y. 

" By vote of the Board of Education a copy of the Teachers' Edition 
was placed on the desk of every primary teacher in the c\tY.—Sup''t Edward 
■Smith, Syracuse, N. Y. 

"I consider Beebe's Fii^st Steps the best work of the kind that I have 
ever seen, and I take every opportunity to recommend it. "— 3/a7'i/ L. Sutliff, 
Haiku, Maui, Hawaian Islands, Feb. 9, 1888. 

2 The Pestalozzian Series of Arithmetics. Teachers' Manual and First- 
Year Text-Book for pupils in the first grade. Based upon Pestalozzi's 
method of teaching Elementary Number. By James H. Hoose. Boards, 
16mo, 2 editions. Pupils' Edition, pp. 156, 35 cts. Teacher's Edition, contain- 
ing the f oi-mer, with additional matter, pp. 217, 50 cts. 

This is a practical exposition of the Pestalozzian Method, and has met with 
great success not only in the Cortland Normal School, where it w^as first 
developed, but in many other leading schools, as at Glove rsville, Babylon, 
etc. It is diametrically opposed to the Grube Method, and good teachers 
should be familiar with both, that they may choose intelligently between 
them. 

3. Lessons in Nimber, as given in a Pestalozzian School, Cheam Surrey. 
The Master's Manual By C. Reiner. 16mo, pp. 224. Sl.50. 

This work was prepared in 1835 under the supervision of Dr. C Mayo in 
i;he first English Pestalozzian school, and has particular value as represent- 
ing directly the educational methods of the great reformer. 

C. W. BARDEEN, Publisher, Syracuse, N. Y. 



THE SCHOOL BULLETm PUBLICATIONS. 



The Word Method in Number. 



order to be intro-^y" duced 

miliar and accept- ^^ ed. The 

that here shown. ^^ The ini- 

' exercise cannot he ^ overesti 



upon the opposite^ 
' card he knows the . 



side of the card 
''sum of the fig- 



These cards need only to be seen in 
at once, as the principle is already fa- 
numbers are all printed in type like 
portance of using scnpt figures for this 
mated. 

The same fifrures are reversed 
so that as the teacher lifts the 
ures on the other side. i 

As soon as the pupils com- ^y^me nee readme, ^' they should have 
lessons in number, and the^^^lirstlessonshoukl ^^ be in combininfj sin- 
gle figures. In this so much ^jp^ practice should ^r be given that the pu- 
pil when adding -willlearn^F^to look upon the ^combination % as itself 
" 13," not as " 4 and 9 are ^ 13," just 
as we learn to look up 
on cat as an entire word 
— not as c-a-t, cat 
subtraction, until combinations of two fig 
nations of letters in words. 

At first add familiar objects, passing 
bers; write the simplest combinations on 
the cards, and write the answer in the 
times that the method of writing num 
a<idition may be learned. Then use 
cards for drill, adding new cards 
from time to time, as new combina- 
veloped. Do not intwdvce neu> 

At every exercise, review all 
answers should be given imme 
cards. Use the cards selected 
laneously, so that no answer 



Equal 



readiness should follow in 
ures are as familiar as combi- 



afterwards to abstract num- 

the blackboard, as they are on 

proper place. Repeat this a few 

bers for 

the 

tions are de- 

cards too rapidly. 

cards previously iflFused: 

lately on present- ^W\ ng the 

for a particular exercise jgm miscel- 

canbeguessed from the ^^^preced- 



in subtraction and mulipli- 
smaller number is above, 
uend, and give the re- 

ftain if new combina- 
•eady presented 
be constant. 



ing. Pursue the same plan 
In subtraction when the ^ 
readily add ten to the min- 
the usual manner. 

Success will be cer- ^ 
duced only after those al- , 
learned. Reviews should 

From scores of testi- 
we select the following: 

" Will you send me one-half dozen cases of 
Cards? I ha.ve many inquiries for them, 
have been lavish in their praise of our work 
these sets are given away to try the card 
teen packages of the cai-ds I have order 



/cation, 
pupils will 
■ mainder i n , 

'tions are intro- 
'are thoroughly 



monials received 



Sanford's Number 

Some of our visitors 

with the cards. Two of 

work. This makes four- 

ed. After a few days,when 

ford down and we will show 

Clapp, principal Union School, 

several years at the Potsdam 

Cards with great success in our 

ments. We found them excel- 



our class drills more, send Prof. San- 
him more than he advertises. "—J?. G. . 
Fulton, N. Y.. May 2, 1839. " Dunng , 
Normal we used Sanford's Number 
primary and intermediat e depart- ^ ' 
lent for quick work.i 
Please send me three sets" 
for our primary and prepari 
has once used them cannot 
Ph.D., headmaster Rutgers, 
have frequently ad\ise(L 

ary processes With numbers. "-TFm. J-Mi^ne, LL.D., Ph.D., presiaent isew 
York State Teachers' College, Feb 5, 1890 

" Sent post-paid in neat box, with directions, for 50 cts. 

C. W. BARDEEN, Publisher, Syracuse, K. Y. 



_ '^tory departments here. A teacher who 

-^afford to be without them. "—S.-fiT. Cool-, 

,^College grammar school, Jan. 31, 1890. I 

_ teachers to buy Sanford's Number Cards, 

own experience that they are very valuable 



■THE SCHOOL BULLETIN PUBLICATIONS. 



Helps in Teaching History. 

1. A TJwmand Questions in American History, 16mo, cloth, pp. 247. 
Price $1.00. 

This Work has been prepared by an eminent teacher for use in his own 
■school— one of the largest in the State. It shows rare breadth of view and 
discrimination, dealing not merely with events but with causes, and with the 
-side-issues that have so much to do with determining the destiny of a nation. 

2. Hdps in Fixing the Facts of American History. By Henry C. Nor- 
'THAsr. 16mo, cloth, pp. 298. Price $1.00. 

Here all facts are presented in groups. The , L— exington. 
key- word to the Revolution, for instance, is ■; I — ndependence. ,,. 
LIBERTY, as shown in the accompanying table B— urgoyne's Surrender.' 
of Key-Words ; and in like manner the events of E— vacuation. 
the late civil war are kept chronologically dis- R— etribution. 
linct by the key-words SLAVES FREED. Chart T— reason. / 
ISTo. 1 indicates by stars the years in each decade T— orktown. ■>. 
ivom. 1492 to 1789, in which the most remarkable events occured, while the 
colored chart No. 2 arranges the events in twelve groups. 

3. Topics and Beferences in American History, with numerous»Search 
Questions. By Geo. A. Williams. 16mo, leatherette, pp. 50. 50cts. 

This is a book of immediate practical value to every teacher. The refer- 
ences are largely to the lighter and more interesting illustrations of history, 
of a kind to arouse the thought of pupils by giving vivid conceptions of the 
events narrated. By dividing these references among the members of a class, 
the history recitation may be made the most delightful of the day. 

U. Bime Question Books, No. 5, General History, and No. 6, United States 
Mistory and Civil Government. By Albert P. Southwick. 16mo, paper, pp. 
37, 32. 10 cts. each. 

5. Outlines and Questions in United States History. By C. B. Van Wie. 
'16mo, paper, pp. 40, and folding Map. 15 cts. 

The outgrowth of four years' practical work in the school-room with 
map prepared by a pupil as a suggestive model. 

6. Tablet of American History, with Map of the United States on the 
■back. By Rtjfus Blanchard. Hea'vy paper, mounted on rollers, 3J^ by 5 
■feet. Price, express paid, $3.00. 

The demand for a colored chart to hang upon the wall and thus catch 
the often-lifted eye of the pupil, has led to the preparation of this chart by 
an experienced author. The events of the four centuries are grouped in 
■parallel belts of different colors, and upon the corners and sides are names 
of the States and Territories, with their etymology, etc., history of political 
parties, portraits of all the Presidents, Coats of Arras of all the States, etc. 
The map is engraved expressly for this chart by Rand & McNally, is colored 
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C. TV, BARDEEN, Publisher, Syracuse, N. Y. 



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1. Laboratory Manual of Expertjnenial Physics. A brief course of Quan- 
titative Physics, intended for Beginners. By Albert L. Arey. Cloth, 
ICmo, pp. 200. Price 75 cts. 

This is a directly practical manual for elementary experimental work in 
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is abundantly illustrated, and gives on the right-hand pages blanks for en- 
tries by the pupil, usually in tabular form. The advantages of quantitative 
experiments are recognized, and this book is the first to make them possible 
in the ordinary high school. Immediately upon its appearance it was 
adopted for use in the Rochester Free Academy. 

2. Syllabus of Lectures on Physiology. By Thos. B. Stowell, Ph.D., 
principal of the State Normal School, Potsdam, N. Y. 3d edition. Boards, 
8vo, pp. las. Price $1.00. 

This is, like the above, a manual for practical work, with illustrations, 
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5. A Hundred Home-Made Experiments in Natural Science, by John S. 
litcKAY, Ph.D. Paper, 16mo, pp. 50, price 15 cts. 

This describes simple experiments so arranged as to teach physics in- 
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U. Systematic Plant Record. By Prof. L. M. Underwood, Ph. D., of 
Syracuse University. Manilla, 4to, pp. 52. Price 30 cts. 

The reputation of the author, who is eminent among the younger scien- 
tists of the country, is well sustained in this compendious and convenient 
record for the pupil's use. 

6. Dime Question Books of Physics, Chemistry, Geology, Botany, Zoology, 
Physiology, Astronomy. By Albert P. Southwick. Paper, 16mo, pp. about 
40. Price of each 10 cts. 

Without being exhaustive in these subjects, these little books give much 
information and many useful suggestions to teachers. They are capital for 
re\aew, and especially as preparations for examination. 

6. Dime Question Book of Stimulants and Narcotics, -preiiared in accoTd- 
ance with the effort to promote Temperance in the Public Schools. By 
C. W. Bardeen. Paper, ICmo, pp. 40. Price 10 cts. 

It is invaluable to many others besides teachers. It quotes all the 
standard authors in its respective to\Acs.— Commonwealth, Boston. 

The few remarks about tobacco are, I think, truthful and just, neither 
too strong nor too mild. I could wish that our writers on alcohol would 
use a like moderation in their statements.— ^4. Hazlew(X)d, M.D., Grand Bap- 
ids, Mich., member of the State Board of Health, July SI, ISSU. 

7. How to Teach Natural Science in the Public Schools. By W. T. Har- 
ris, LL.D., Commissioner of Education. Paper, 16mo, pp. 40. Price 15 cts. 

Nothing better on the subject is accessible in so compact a form. — 
The Critic, Aug.27,lSS7. 

C. W. BARDEEN, Publisher, Syracuse, N. Y. 



■THE SCHOOL BULLETIN PUBLICATIONS. 



Official Question Books. 

1. The New YorTc State Examination Questions from the beginning to 
the present date. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 274, 50 ets. 

These annual examinations, only by which can State Certificates be ob- 
tained in New Yorli, have a reputation all over the country for excellence 
and comprehensiveness. The subjects are as follows : 

Arithmetic, Grammar, Physics, Geography, 

Book-Keeping, Composition, Chemistry, Ci^dl Govex-nment, 
Algebra, Ehetoric, Geology, Astronomy, 

Geometry, Literature, Botany, Methods, 

Drawing, History, Zoology, School Economy, 

Penmanship, Latin, Physiology, School Law. 

No answers are published, except in the following special volume. 

Q. Dime (Question Book on Book- Keeping, containing all the questions in 
that subject given at the first 15 New York Examinations for State Certifi- 
cates, wUhfvll Ansive?'s, Solutions, and Forms. Paper, 16mo, pp. 31, 10 cts. 

3. The Uniform Examination Questions. By voluntary adoption of the 
113 School-Commissioners of the State of New York, certificates are now 
given only on examinations held under these questions, which are issued 
sealed from the State Department. All these Questions from the beginning to 
March 14th, 1889, are now published as follows, and we commend them as 
worth the attention of all who have to conduct or undergo examinations. 
I. Arithmetic, 317 Questions, 10 cts. II. Key, 10 cts. 

III. Geography, 709 " " IV. " 

V. Grammar, 533 " " VI. " 

VII. U. S. History, 429 " " VIII. " 

IX. Civil Government, 355 " " X. '" " 

XI. Physiology, 345 " " XII. " 

h. The Civil Service Question Book. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 282, $1.50, 

42,000 places are now filled exclusively by appointments dependent on 
examinations. No favoritism is possible. You do not need the influence of 
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questions in Geography, 400 specimen questions in English Syntax, 100 each 
in American History and Civil Government, with full treatises on Book-Keep- 
ing and on Letter- WHting. To prepare for competition for places at $1,000 
and higher these subjects and these only are required. Any one who can 
answer the questions here given, to all of ivhichfull and complete answers are 
added, is ready to enter the next examination. 

Hon John B. Eiley, Chief Examiner, State of New York, July 10, 1888, 
says : " I am pleased with your Civil Service Question Book. It will not only 
be of service to those intending to try the Civil Service examinations, but 
teachers or others who are obliged to prepare questions for examinations in 
the common English branches will find it a great convenience." 

The N. E. Journal of Education says, Aug. 23, 1888 : " It is rarely that any 
book can be found with so many valuable and so few unimportant questions.'* 

5. 3000 Grammar Questions, with Ansivers. By Henry Kiddle, A. M., 
formerly Superintendent of Schools, New York City, and now editor of 
Brown's Grammars. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 220. Price, $1.00. It is a great thing 
for teachers to be sure they are right, especially on some of the puzzling 
questions. As an authority Mr. Kiddle is second to no man living, and these 
answers prepared by him may be regarded as absolutely correct. 

C. W. BARI>EE]S^, Publisher, Syracuse, N. Y. 



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